6.25 A Foley catheter with the bulb inflated positioned in the trigon...Figure 6.26 Five French flexible biopsy forceps passed through the operating...Figure 6.27 The biopsy forceps are opened and positioned over the selected b...Figure 6.28 The biopsy forceps are pushed forward into the tissue and closed...Figure 6.29 The biopsy site after tissue removal in the patient from Figure ...Figure 6.30 A 5 Fr polypectomy snare positioned on a polyp for partial excis...Figure 6.31 The polypectomy snare in Figure 6.30 is closed to trap and remov...Figure 6.32 A stone basket being used for extraction of a TCC mass after tra...Figure 6.33 A large bladder polyp with the patient positioned so that the le...Figure 6.34 The same polyp as Figure 6.33 with the patient repositioned so t...Figure 6.35 A polypectomy snare placed on the base of the polyp in Figure 6....Figure 6.36 The resection site of the polyp seen in the previous figures aft...Figure 6.37 The base of a large inflammatory bladder polyp with the patient ...Figure 6.38 An activated diode laser fiber in contact with the base of the l...Figure 6.39 Cut progression is assessed by stopping the laser and backing th...Figure 6.40 Completion of the cut leaves an area of cauterized tissue flush ...Figure 6.41 A small cystic calculus trapped with a stone basket in a dog wit...Figure 6.42 A weasel wire passed into an abnormal ureteral ostium prior to p...Figure 6.43 An image of the nondistended distal penile urethral lumen seen w...Figure 6.44 The distended distal penile urethral lumen seen when passing the...Figure 6.45 The narrowest point of the male dog urethra is at the caudal end...Figure 6.46 The urethra caudal to the os penis is slightly curved and is eas...Figure 6.47 Insufficient fluid flow allows the urethra to collapse, increasi...Figure 6.48 The increasing curvature of the urethra as it approaches and pas...Figure 6.49 Once the ischial arch is passed, the passage of the endoscope be...Figure 6.50 As the endoscope is passed into the prostatic urethra, distentio...Figure 6.51 The colliculus seminalis is seen as a prominent dorsal ridge and...Figure 6.52 The small flexible endoscopes suitable for transurethral cystosc...Figure 6.53 Adequate illumination is provided by these endoscopes for focal ...Figure 6.54 During examination of the ureteral openings, time is taken to ob...Figure 6.55 The ureteral openings are also visible from the cranial directio...Figure 6.56 Placing the tip of the endoscope close to the bladder wall provi...Figure 6.57 A urachal diverticulum in a male dog seen with the Flex‐XC with ...Figure 6.58 The distal urethra of a five‐year‐old intact male Irish Wolfound...Figure 6.59 The penile urethra of a male cat seen using a 1.0 mm diameter fi...Figure 6.60 The proximal penile urethra at the level immediately proximal to...Figure 6.61 The pelvic urethra of the same patient seen in Figure 6.60. The ...Figure 6.62 The abdominal segment of the urethra in a male cat examined duri...Figure 6.63 The bladder of a 10‐year‐old neutered male Domestic Shorthair ca...Figure 6.64 The right ureteral opening in the patient seen in Figure 6.63.Figure 6.65 A large quantity of sand in the bladder of a four‐year‐old neute...Figure 6.66 The bladder in the patient seen in Figure 6.65 after removal of ...Figure 6.67 Irrigation setup for prepubic percutaneous cystoscopy with a con...Figure 6.68 Puncture locations for prepubic percutaneous cystoscopy. The pun...Figure 6.69 (a) Trocar position and angle of intersection with the bladder w...Figure 6.70 The irrigation system setup with liquid inflow through the teles...Figure 6.71 Bladder and telescope position for placement of a second or oper...Figure 6.72 A standard open surgical suction tip placed into the bladder thr...Figure 6.73 Operating room setup drawing with the patient in dorsal recumben...Figure 6.74 Portal placement for laparoscopic‐assisted cystoscopy in a femal...Figure 6.75 After placement of both portals, the apex of the bladder is gras...Figure 6.76 The apex of the bladder is elevated into the operative portal ca...Figure 6.77 The cannula is removed, and the portal enlarged if needed. In th...Figure 6.78 Normal mucosa in a moderately distended bladder seen with laparo...Figure 6.79 The normal trigone in a 15‐year‐old neutered male Miniature Pood...Figure 6.80 The normal trigone seen through air from the cranial aspect duri...Figure 6.81 The right ureteral orifice on its papilla with a pulse of clear ...Figure 6.82 The right ureteral orifice seen with the bladder distended enoug...Figure 6.83 The caudal end of the pelvic urethra at the ischial arch in a ma...Figure 6.84 Examination of the pelvic urethra in a five‐year‐old neutered ma...Figure 6.85 Laparoscopic‐assisted cystoscopy also allows examination of the ...Figure 6.86 Examination of the urethra in a 16‐year‐old spayed female cat do...Figure 6.87 The colliculus seminalis seen during examination of the prostati...Figure 6.88 The openings of multiple prostatic ducts are visible on the righ...Figure 6.89 The pelvic urethra caudal to the prostate in an eight‐year‐old n...Figure 6.90 Examination of the pelvic urethra caudal to the prostate in a fo...Figure 6.91 Irrigation used during LAC dilates the pelvic urethra to form a ...Figure 6.92 Small sharp transverse circumferential ridges are occasionally s...Figure 6.93 Laparoscopic‐assisted cystoscopy for stone removal in a seven‐ye...Figure 6.94 A laser fiber passed through the operating channel of the 2.7 mm...Figure 6.95 A 5 Fr Foley urethral catheter visible in the pelvic urethra in ...Figure 6.96 The inflated bulb of an 8 Fr Foley urethral catheter in a 12‐yea...Figure 6.97 After completion of the procedure in the bladder, the cystotomy ...Figure 6.98 Multiple residual combination urate and oxalate calculi in the p...Figure 6.99 A large number of small amorphous silicate calculi in the pelvic...Figure 6.100 Fluorescence of a transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder of...Figure 6.101 The urethral tubercle and urethral orifice in a 16‐year‐old spa...Figure 6.102 The urethral orifice is usually seen as a closed or slightly op...Figure 6.103 This vaginal vestibule is distended enough to flatten all the m...Figure 6.104 A single small insignificant crypt of McCarthy in the lateral v...Figure 6.105 Three small insignificant crypts with easily visible deep walls...Figure 6.106 The lateral vestibular fossa of a seven‐year‐old spayed female ...Figure 6.107 A larger number of lateral vestibular fossa crypts involving a ...Figure 6.108 A double row of multiple crypts distorting the shape of the lat...Figure 6.109 A small deep crypt on the top of the urethral papilla adjacent ...Figure 6.110 A large deep crypt in the lateral ventricular fossa of a five‐y...Figure 6.111 The clitoral fossa in a seven‐month‐old spayed female Labrador ...Figure 6.112 The cranial wall of the clitoral fossa in a seven‐month‐old spa...Figure 6.113 The clitoris in a 13‐year‐old spayed female Schipperke. The cli...Figure 6.114 A particularly prominent vaginovestibular junction in a nine‐mo...Figure 6.115 The vaginal body of a seven‐month‐old spayed female Labrador Re...Figure 6.116 The vaginal body of a 13‐year‐old spayed female Schipperke with...Figure 6.117 The vaginal body in a three‐year‐old intact female 5.5 kg mixed...Figure 6.118 The vaginal body of a 10‐year‐old spayed female Springer Spanie...Figure 6.119 The vaginal body of a three‐year‐old spayed female Boxer dog on...Figure 6.120 The dorsal median fold seen as a prominent fixed ridge of tissu...Figure 6.121 The dorsal median fold in a seven‐month‐old spayed female Dober...Figure 6.122 A close‐up image of the cranial end of the dorsal median fold w...Figure 6.123 When first entering the urethra, when performing transurethral ...Figure 6.124 With fluid flow through the cystoscopy, the urethra fills to op...Figure 6.125 The completely distended urethra in a six‐month‐old intact fema...Figure 6.126 A distended urethra without residual mucosal ridges in a five‐y...Figure 6.127 A distended urethra with a large prominent dorsal mucosal ridge...Figure 6.128 An example of distinct narrowing of the cranial urethra in a 16...Figure 6.129 Partial dilation of an area of cranial urethral narrowing produ...Figure 6.130 An area of cranial urethral narrowing with blanched blood vesse...Figure 6.131 A single small urethral diverticulum in an 11‐month‐old intact ...Figure 6.132 Multiple small urethral diverticula in a five‐month‐old intact ...Figure 6.133 An unusual large urethral diverticulum in a three‐year‐old spay...Figure 6.134 The trigone of a collapsed bladder in a seven‐month‐old spayed ...Figure 6.135 The trigone of a collapsed bladder in an eight‐year‐old spayed ...Figure 6.136 A partially distended bladder with smooth mucosa and visible bl...Figure 6.137 A partially distended bladder in a three‐year‐old spayed female...Figure 6.138 A fully distended bladder with easily visible blood vessels wit...Figure 6.139 Multiple smoothly branching blood vessels seen in a distended b...Figure 6.140 Looking cranially with transurethral cystoscopy, the ureteral p...Figure 6.141 The left ureteral papilla and ostia seen looking cranially with...Figure 6.142 The left ureteral ostia in an overdistended bladder with the pa...Figure 6.143 A ureteral ostium appearing as an oval opening that does not ap...Figure 6.144 Normal urine flow from the right ureteral ostia seen looking cr...Figure 6.145 Normal urine flow from the left ureteral ostia in the same pati...Figure 6.146 The left ureteral papilla and ostium with bladder overdistentio...Figure 6.147 The normal trigone of the bladder in a four‐year‐old neutered m...Figure 6.148 Normal branching mucosal blood
