7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Schematic of the reproductive tract of the bitch.Figure 7.2 Anatomy of the cervical tubercle and vaginal fornix in the bitch ...Figure 7.3 Canine rigid endoscope (TCI scope)‐Karl Storz SE & Co. KG.Figure 7.4 TELE PACK™‐Karl Storz SE & Co. KG.Figure 7.5 Catheters (Rusch‐Teleflex) for endoscopic transcervical procedure...Figure 7.6 Introduction of the TCI scope in an angled direction.Figure 7.7 Endoscopic view of the urethral papilla (A) and vaginal opening (...Figure 7.8 Endoscopic view of vaginal folds.Figure 7.9 Endoscopic view of the dorsal median fold (DMF) and paracervical ...Figure 7.10 Endoscopic view of the dorsal median fold (DMF), paracervical ar...Figure 7.11 Endoscopic view of the cervical tubercle and os (arrow) in the b...Figure 7.12 Catheterization of the cervix under endoscopic view to perform e...Figure 7.13 Endoscopic view of fluid in the cervical area in the bitch.Figure 7.14 Endoscopic view of cervix catheterization (a) and semen back flo...Figure 7.15 Endoscopic view of the vagina during proestrus in the bitch.Figure 7.16 Endoscopic view of the vagina during estrus in the bitch.Figure 7.17 Endoscopic view of the vagina during diestrus in the bitch.Figure 7.18 Endoscopic view of the vagina during anestrus in the bitch.Figure 7.19 Endoscopic view of a vaginal septum (dorso‐ventral septum) that ...Figure 7.20 Endoscopic view of a vaginal band that is easily ruptured by dig...Figure 7.21 Endoscopic view of the resection of a vaginal septum in the bitc...Figure 7.22 Endoscopic view of vaginitis in the bitch.Figure 7.23 Endoscopic view of lymphoid follicles in the bitch.Figure 7.24 Endoscopic view of vaginal mass in the bitch.Figure 7.25 Endoscopic view of vaginal polypus in the bitch.Figure 7.26 Endoscopic view of uterine bifurcation in the bitch.Figure 7.27 Endoscopic view of cervical tubercle during normal postpartum (f...Figure 7.28 Endoscopic view of a single paw in a dystocia case in the bitch....Figure 7.29 Endoscopic view of the urethra in the bitch.Figure 7.30 Endoscopic view of paracervical region during estrus in the bitc...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Using a 10 mm diameter operating laparoscope in a single‐port for...Figure 8.2 An S‐PORTAL for single laparoscopic surgery (SILS). The S‐Portal ...Figure 8.3 Performing a laparoscopic ovariectomy in a dog using a two‐port t...Figure 8.4 Performing a laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic‐assisted g...Figure 8.5 An intact female Golden Retriever positioned on a tilt table in p...Figure 8.6 A right‐side ovarian pedicle site seen with laparoscopy following...Figure 8.7 A large blood clot in the right lumbar gutter of the patient seen...Figure 8.8 A right‐side ovarian pedicle site seen with laparoscopy in an 11‐...Figure 8.9 An insufflator used for laparoscopy in small animals. This unit, ...Figure 8.10 A Veress needle used for initial insufflation of the abdomen wit...Figure 8.11 Disposable low‐pressure insufflation tubing with a filter for co...Figure 8.12 Five millimeter diameter CLICKline instruments with 36 cm length...Figure 8.13 Three types of 5 mm biopsy forceps for small animal laparoscopy ...Figure 8.14 Close‐up images of the tips of the working inserts of 5 mm opera...Figure 8.15 Ten millimeter diameter operative instruments with 36 cm length ...Figure 8.16 Two options for stabilizing the ovary against abdominal wall whe...Figure 8.17 A three‐blade gall bladder extractor used for removal of large o...Figure 8.18 Examples of needle holders and assistants used for intracorporea...Figure 8.19 Curved CLICKline instruments for use with SILS ports. This desig...Figure 8.20 Lateral drawing of an undistended abdomen with a Veress needle i...Figure 8.21 Lateral drawing of distended abdomen with a Veress needle in pla...Figure 8.22 The Veress needle is inserted until the tip of the needle is in ...Figure 8.23 The “hanging drop” test for proper Veress needle position in the...Figure 8.24 When the Veress needle is properly placed in the peritoneal spac...Figure 8.25 If the Veress needle is NOT properly placed, either in the abdom...Figure 8.26 A transverse view of the abdominal wall at the linea alba with a...Figure 8.27 The appearance of flow and pressure readings of an insufflator a...Figure 8.28 The appearance of flow and pressure readings of an insufflator a...Figure 8.29 The ideal arrangement for laparoscopy with the telescope pointed...Figure 8.30 Initial right paramedian operating portal site determination usi...Figure 8.31 Abdominal wall displacement produced by external digital palpati...Figure 8.32 A number 10 scalpel blade penetrating the abdominal wall with a ...Figure 8.33 Proper hand position for holding a laparoscopy trocar‐cannula fo...Figure 8.34 The tip of the trocar of a laparoscopy trocar‐cannula properly p...Figure 8.35 Proper insertion of a smooth laparoscopy trocar‐cannula with the...Figure 8.36 When the cannula is properly inserted, the trocar is removed and...Figure 8.37 The leading edge of the screw tip of an EndoTIP laparoscopy cann...Figure 8.38 A 6 mm EndoTIP cannula threaded adequately into the abdomen.Figure 8.39 The normal‐appearing lateral abdominal wall looking transversely...Figure 8.40 As the telescope is angled from the transverse position craniall...Figure 8.41 Continued rotation of the telescope from the cranial direction a...Figure 8.42 Progression to a transverse position of the telescope to the rig...Figure 8.43 With the telescope pointed caudally into the right side of the p...Figure 8.44 A thick well‐defined internal rectus abdominis muscle sheath lay...Figure 8.45 A thin but easily seen and well‐defined internal sheath of the r...Figure 8.46 A subtle poorly defined internal rectus abdominus sheath at the ...Figure 8.47 There is no visible internal rectus abdominis muscle sheath in t...Figure 8.48 The left caudal portion of the lateral abdominal wall is visible...Figure 8.49 The translucent central tendon of the diaphragm. A portion of br...Figure 8.50 The muscular portion of the diaphragm in this image demonstrates...Figure 8.51 A single island of muscle tissue in the central tendon of the di...Figure 8.52 Multiple islands of muscle tissue in the central tendon of the d...Figure 8.53 Irregular contour of the central tendon with more dense tissue a...Figure 8.54 Irregular contour of the central tendon seen with a large transl...Figure 8.55 The central tendon of the diaphragm in a very small dog that is ...Figure 8.56 The internal end of the inguinal canal or vaginal ring in a norm...Figure 8.57 The same structures as in Figure 8.56 in an intact male dog with...Figure 8.58 In a 12‐year‐old male dog that was neutered as a young dog, the ...Figure 8.59 A 13‐year‐old neutered male cat showing atrophied deferent duct ...Figure 8.60 The vaginal process in a female dog passing through the vaginal ...Figure 8.61 Continuation of the falciform ligament to meet with the median l...Figure 8.62 A thin falciform ligament with minimal fat and multiple transluc...Figure 8.63 A thickened fat‐filled falciform ligament in an older dog seen f...Figure 8.64 The left side of the fat‐filled falciform ligament seen in Figur...Figure 8.65 The falciform ligament of the liver, a variable remnant of the v...Figure 8.66 A normal fat‐filled falciform ligament extending cranially to co...Figure 8.67 Atypical‐appearing fat on the abdominal wall in the caudal abdom...Figure 8.68 Normal appearance of the liver with rounded smooth surfaces and ...Figure 8.69 A normal‐appearing liver demonstrating sharp margins of the lobe...Figure 8.70 A normal‐appearing liver with a dappled bright red coloration pr...Figure 8.71 Dark muddy purple coloration of a normal‐appearing liver. A norm...Figure 8.72 Brown coloration of a normal‐appearing liver. A normal‐appearing...Figure 8.73 A normal‐appearing liver with dappled coloration and prominent s...Figure 8.74 A normal‐appearing common bile duct in a cat seen as the dark pu...Figure 8.75 The left kidney is seen with the patient in a right oblique posi...Figure 8.76 The right kidney is visible with the patient in a left oblique p...Figure 8.77 A blunt probe is positioned under the hepatorenal ligament to de...Figure 8.78 The cranial extent of the pancreas is visible as an off‐white sm...Figure 8.79 The caudal portion of the right lobe of the pancreas seen from t...Figure 8.80 A normal‐appearing