Veterinary Endoscopy for the Small Animal Practitioner. Группа авторов

3.54 Duodenal lymphatic dilation of various severities: (a) mild lymp...Figure 3.55 Pictures of various gastric foreign bodies: (a–c) crown caps in ...Figure 3.56 Endoscopic picture from the stomach of a dog with a single Physa...Figure 3.57 Normal variations of the ileocolonic sphincter: (a) 12‐year‐old ...Figure 3.58 Taking blind biopsies through the iliocolonic sphincter when the...Figure 3.59 Retroflexed view in the descending colon in a great Dane to bett...Figure 3.60 Pictures of normal colonic mucosa: (a) 9‐year‐old German Shepher...Figure 3.61 Colonic erosions (a) in a 7‐year‐old German Brake with mild coli...Figure 3.62 Two examples of colonic friability (a) in a nine‐year‐old Golden...Figure 3.63 Colonic granularity examples: (a) an 11‐year‐old mixed breed dog...Figure 3.64 An ulcerated ilieocolonic sphincter in a three‐year‐old Leonberg...Figure 3.65 Histiocytic ulcerative colitis in (a) an 8‐month‐old Boxer and (...Figure 3.66 Colonic masses in (a) a 6‐year‐old Border Collie (histologically...Figure 3.67 Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) in a six‐year‐old German Shepherd d...Figure 3.68 A plastic “overtube” with an endoscope inside to protect the end...Figure 3.69 Esophageal fishhook removal: (a) a lateral radiograph of a nine‐...Figure 3.70 Marked esophageal irritation after removal of a deeply seated bo...Figure 3.71 Typical foam and saliva obstructing the view of an esophageal fo...Figure 3.72 Various forms of low‐profile feeding tubes, also called buttons....Figure 3.73 Components of a commercial human PEG tube set (Freka), 16 Fr siz...Figure 3.74 Placement of a commercial PEG tube: (a) generous clipping of lef...Figure 3.75 (a) Materials used for a “home‐made” PEG tube using a Pezzer ure...Figure 3.76 (a) Low‐profile feeding tube (button) in a cat; (b) pet body cov...Figure 3.77 Guide wire with a balloon placed over the guide wire in a strict...Figure 3.78 Balloon catheter (length 4 cm, inflated to width 10 mm) used for...Figure 3.79 Manometer for use during balloon dilation of esophageal strictur...Figure 3.80 Mucosal tear in an esophageal stricture after balloon dilation (...Figure 3.81 Metallic stent in the esophageal lumen of a cat in which balloon...Figure 3.82 Manometer or pressure tester to use before each cleaning procedu...Figure 3.83 Example of a plastic tub filled with cleaning detergent in which...Figure 3.84 Cleaning of all channels with a cleaning brush.Figure 3.85 Plastic tubes attached with adapters to the instrumentation chan...Figure 3.86 Washing machine with endoscope ports attached to tubes for flush...Figure 3.87 Endoscope storage options: (a) one example of a cabinet for stor...Figure 3.88 Plastic tube attached to wall for disinfection of flexible endos...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Direct visual and physical access to the nasal cavity is achieved...Figure 4.2 The working tips of the two rigid biopsy forceps most commonly us...Figure 4.3 Rigid biopsy and operating forceps for turbinectomy are larger an...Figure 4.4 Five millimeter diameter Ferris‐Smith arthroscopy rongeurs with 5...Figure 4.5 Lateral radiograph of a normal dog showing the area of the skull ...Figure 4.6 Positioning for lateral radiographic projection of the nasal cavi...Figure 4.7 Lateral radiograph of a normal dog showing the area of the skull ...Figure 4.8 Positioning for ventral 20° rostral dorsocaudal oblique open mout...Figure 4.9 Ventral 20° rostral dorsocaudal oblique open mouth projection of ...Figure 4.10 Positioning for rostrocaudal projection of the skull for frontal...Figure 4.11 Rostrocaudal projection of the skull demonstrating normal fronta...Figure 4.12 HemaBlock^® placed in the nasal cavity to arrest an otherwis...Figure 4.13 Nasal tumor biopsy using the 3.0 mm rigid biopsy forceps passed ...Figure 4.14 The 3.0 mm rigid biopsy forceps positioned for biopsy of a nasop...Figure 4.15 Five French flexible biopsy forceps passed through the working c...Figure 4.16 A 1000 μm laser fiber used to vaporize tissue and control bleedi...Figure 4.17 A small quantity of mucus in the nasal cavity that is a normal f...Figure 4.18 Nasal mucosal appearance through air with a bright red color. Hi...Figure 4.19 Nasal mucosal appearance through liquid at the same location and...Figure 4.20 Turbinates are not well developed in the rostral nasal cavity ap...Figure 4.21 Normal pigment extending into the rostral nasal passage.Figure 4.22 Gently curving smooth turbinates in the rostral nasal cavity tha...Figure 4.23 Branching of the ventral nasal conchae seen from the middle meat...Figure 4.24 Ethmoidal turbinates with the normal crumpled appearance with mi...Figure 4.25 Thick ethmoidal turbinates approaching the upper end of normal....Figure 4.26 Ethmoidal turbinates at the thin end of normal with midrange int...Figure 4.27 Minimal interturbinate space in the ethmoidal turbinates at the ...Figure 4.28 Ethmoidal turbinates with midrange interturbinate space.Figure 4.29 Wide ethmoidal interturbinate space at the upper limit of normal...Figure 4.30 The same area of the nasal cavity as in Figure 4.22 with more in...Figure 4.31 The area on the nasal septum caudally that is normally roughened...Figure 4.32 The normal curved caudal margin of the nasal septum.Figure 4.33 Normal nasolacrimal duct opening in the rostral nasal cavity.Figure 4.34 Air bubbles seen during examination of a normal nasal cavity. Th...Figure 4.35 The normal nasopharynx seen with the telescope passed from the n...Figure 4.36 In this image, the endotracheal tube is seen in the right side o...Figure 4.37 A normal nasopharynx with subtle vasculature visible in the muco...Figure 4.38 Prominent vasculature visible in the mucosa of a normal nasophar...Figure 4.39 The opening of a eustachian tube in the nasopharynx at the appro...Figure 4.40 A small hard protrusion that is a common finding on the dorsal w...Figure 4.41 A wider view of the nasopharyngeal protrusion seen in the Figure...Figure 4.42 An air–liquid interface interfering with visualization of the na...Figure 4.43 The smooth discolored, greenish‐brown appearance of the mucosa i...Figure 4.44 Roughening of the mucosal surface in the discolored area of the ...Figure 4.45 An area of disrupted mucosal discoloration due to contact with t...Figure 4.46 An area of the nasal cavity with mild roughening of the mucosal ...Figure 4.47 Small random blood vessels visible in the normal nasal mucosa.Figure 4.48 Larger visible blood vessels at the margin of the olfactory orga...Figure 4.49 A normal frontal sinus lined with a thin transparent membrane an...Figure 4.50 A bone ridge extending into a normal frontal sinus. Highlights i...Figure 4.51 An air–water interface in a normal frontal sinus interfering wit...Figure