Veterinary Endoscopy for the Small Animal Practitioner. Группа авторов

as Figure ...Figure 4.308 A white mass‐like lesion in the nasal cavity of the same case a...Figure 4.309 A red mass‐like lesion in the nasal cavity of the same case as ...Figure 4.310 An area of mucosal hyperemia in the nasal cavity of the case in...Figure 4.311 Hyperemia and thickening of the caudal portion of the nasal sep...Figure 4.312 Inflammatory nodules scattered over the area of the “catenoid” ...Figure 4.313 An increased number of enlarged blood vessels on the lateral wa...Figure 4.314 A hamartoma like mass in the nasopharynx of this same case as i...Figure 4.315 Contact between rostral turbinates in a brachiocephalic dog see...Figure 4.316 Contact between rostral turbinates in a brachiocephalic dog see...Figure 4.317 An area of turbinates in a brachiocephalic dog where there is a...Figure 4.318 The nasopharynx of a French Bulldog with extension of the ethmo...Figure 4.319 The ethmoidal turbinates are seen bending around the dorsal mar...Figure 4.320 The normal nasopharynx of the above case caudal to the abnormal...Figure 4.321 A completed partial turbinectomy in the French Bulldog seen in ...Figure 4.322 A nasopharyngeal stricture in an eight‐year‐old DSH cat present...Figure 4.323 A long tapering nasopharyngeal stenosis ending in a blind pouch...Figure 4.324 A small open communication in the center of a thin wall of tiss...Figure 4.325 A large residual lumen in a nasopharyngeal stenosis with reflec...Figure 4.326 A smaller residual lumen in a nasopharyngeal stricture obscured...Figure 4.327 Unidentified material occluding the residual lumen of a nasopha...Figure 4.328 Inflammatory nodules in the nasopharynx caudal to a nasopharyng...Figure 4.329 A cluster of inflammatory polyps in the nasopharynx rostral to ...Figure 4.330 Preparing to pass a 5 Fr biopsy forceps through a small residua...Figure 4.331 The dilated stricture from Figure 4.330 after passage of the bi...Figure 4.332 A 5 Fr red rubber catheter passed through the working channel o...Figure 4.333 Positioning of a nasopharyngeal stent using rhinoscopy with the...Figure 4.334 In this image, the stent has been retracted until it is fully w...Figure 4.335 The inflated balloon after expansion of the stent. The balloon ...Figure 4.336 A fully expanded nasopharyngeal stent sitting tightly against t...Figure 4.337 A nasopharyngeal stent in a cat two years after placement that ...Figure 4.338 Removal of the exudate in the case shown in Figure 4.337 reveal...Figure 4.339 The central portion of the stent in Figures 4.337 and 4.338 was...Figure 4.340 Multiple white raised avascular appearing masses in the nasopha...Figure 4.341 Multiple small white raised avascular appearing elongated nodul...Figure 4.342 A mass in the nasal cavity partially covered with exudate.Figure 4.343 Another mass in a different area of the same nasal cavity.Figure 4.344 An irregular deformed turbinate in this case of lymphoid hyperp...Figure 4.345 Irregular turbinates with loss of bulk and support.Figure 4.346 Thickened swollen puffy irregular turbinates.Figure 4.347 Roughened mucosa on the surface of an otherwise unchanged turbi...Figure 4.348 The fractured internal structure of one of the masses after bio...Figure 4.349 An area of white solid tissue in the nasal cavity of an eight‐y...Figure 4.350 Another area of the same case that has a cystic avascular appea...Figure 4.351 Completion of the debridement procedure with minimal residual a...Figure 4.352 Rostral turbinates with mild loss of bulk and distortion in the...Figure 4.353 Extensive mucopurulent exudate in the nasal cavity of the same ...Figure 4.354 A white lobulated avascular appearing mass in the caudolateral ...Figure 4.355 Debulking the recurrent mass from the nasal cavity of the same ...Figure 4.356 Completion of the debulking process with laser charred tissue o...Figure 4.357 Completion of the scheduled debulking two weeks after the previ...Figure 4.358 A nasal mass protruding from the right nares of an eight‐year‐o...Figure 4.359 An elongated pink solid mass in the right nasal cavity in the p...Figure 4.360 A white avascular cystic or edematous mass in another part of t...Figure 4.361 A dark cystic mass and an irregular solid mass in the same pati...Figure 4.362 Another area of the same nasal cavity with long vascular floati...Figure 4.363 The tissue displaced from the nasopharynx into the oral cavity ...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Flexible endoscopes: a 3.7 mm and a 5 mm bronchoscope with three ...Figure 5.2 Bronchial mucosal folding indicating bronchospasm.Figure 5.3 An anesthesia “T” adapter attaches to the endotracheal tube and a...Figure 5.4 (a) One method used to provide oxygen supplementation during bron...Figure 5.5 Oxygen supplementation is provided during bronchoscopy by connect...Figure 5.6 Artist's representation of the canine tracheobronchial tree using...Figure 5.7 All necessary equipment is set out ahead of time in preparation f...Figure 5.8 Appearance of the normal canine glottic lumen and larynx followin...Figure 5.9 C‐shaped tracheal cartilaginous rings visible through the mucosa ...Figure 5.10 The presence of either edema as shown by the glistening appearan...Figure 5.11 Normal circular shape of the tracheal rings in a dog; note the t...Figure 5.12 Dorsoventral flattening of the trachea demonstrating a Grade 2–3...Figure 5.13 A misshapen and narrowed tracheal lumen associated with tracheal...Figure 5.14 Severe foaming of airway secretions that is commonly encountered...Figure 5.15 Appearance of the distal airway in a normal dog; note the smooth...Figure 5.16 A tracheal stricture causing altered airway caliber in a dog.Figure 5.17 An intraluminal tumor obstructing the trachea and thus altering ...Figure 5.18 External tracheal compression caused by a ventral mediastinal ma...Figure 5.19 Bronchiectasis and chronic severe bronchitis with inflammatory n...Figure 5.20 A structural or fixed collapse of the left principal bronchus ca...Figure 5.21 Decreased airway caliber in the dog due to dynamic tracheal coll...Figure 5.22 A normal dorsal tracheal membrane in a one‐year‐old German Sheph...Figure 5.23 An example of significant large airway collapse commonly seen se...Figure 5.24 The appearance of healthy tracheobronchial mucosa in a dog; note...Figure 5.25 Mucosal edema is visible in this dog with bronchiectasis as it i...Figure 5.26 Polypoid mucosal nodules, seen on the dorsal wall of the upper b...Figure 5.27 The appearance of excess secretions associated with bacterial pn...Figure 5.28 The appearance of secretions associated with allergic lung disea...Figure 5.29 The endobronchial appearance of bronchiectasis in a dog. Note th...Figure 5.30 A gross lung specimen from a dog with bronchiectasis following l...Figure 5.31 Mucosal irregularity (the granular appearance) and blood on the ...Figure 5.32 Large mucosal nodules just anterior to and nearly obstructing th...Figure 5.33 A bronchial foreign body (small rock) being retrieved with endos...Figure 5.34 Severe airway narrowing secondary to external compression due to...Figure 5.35 Mucosal involvement seen as a primary squamous cell carcinoma in...Figure 5.36 Typical appearance of primary lung tumors in dogs that start in ...Figure 5.37 Endoscopic view of the sharp “V” shaped appearance of a normal c...Figure 5.38 The endoscopic appearance of the normal carina in a cat. The muc...Figure 5.39 Hilar lymphadenopathy compressing the right mainstem bronchus in...Figure 5.40 Endoscopic appearance of normal spurs or bronchial bifurcations ...Figure 5.41 Appearance of a blunted spur in a dog. Blunting occurs when the ...Figure 5.42 Performing a BAL using 20 ml of sterile saline flushed through t...Figure 5.43 Performing a BAL using 20 ml of sterile saline and hand suction ...Figure 5.44 Photomicrograph of canine BALf; note the predominance of normal ...Figure 5.45 Photomicrograph of a squamous epithelial cell and two Simonsiell...Figure 5.46 Blood agar culture plate with TNTC (too numerous to count) colon...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 A continuous flow system for use with the 4.0 cystoscope with two...Figure 6.2 A deflecting bridge or Albarran lever is used with cystoscopes to...Figure 6.3 Transurethral viscous fluid injection instrument set for use with...Figure 6.4 The resectoscope system for transurethral cystoscopy in small ani...Figure 6.5 A close‐up picture of the cutting loop working tip of the bipolar...Figure 6.6 Irrigation system for transurethral cystoscopy using a one‐liter ...Figure 6.7 Anatomy drawing of the relationship of the vulva, vaginal vestibu...Figure 6.8 The vaginal vestibule distended with saline in an eight‐year‐old ...Figure 6.9 The vaginal vestibule distended with saline in a three‐year‐old s...Figure 6.10 The urethral papilla in an eight‐month‐old intact female Vizsla ...Figure 6.11 An example of a urethral tubercle typically seen in intact femal...Figure 6.12 When the cystoscope first enters the urethra during transurethra...Figure 6.13 As the telescope is passed through the urethra, fluid flow begin...Figure 6.14 Full distention of the urethra occurs in most cases as fluid flo...Figure 6.15 Yellow urine color with otherwise clear urine has minimal interf...Figure 6.16 Suspended debris of any kind in the urine creates an opacity tha...Figure 6.17 Hematuria, unless only microscopic, prevents any examination of ...Figure 6.18 Crystalluria also interferes with the visual field and may requi...Figure 6.19 Urine retention allows accumulation of sludge like debris in the...Figure 6.20 The details of normal and abnormal tissues are clearly visible w...Figure 6.21 The bladder of a 10‐year‐old spayed female Bouvier des Flanders ...Figure 6.22 An air–water interface interfering with examination of a bladder...Figure 6.23 Smoke produced by laser