Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Серия:
Жанр произведения: Техническая литература
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781118799499
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Batch composition vector R in kg raw material per t of glass. kg/t 674.28 0.00 44.02 44.02 0.00 123.39 70.61 231.99 0.00

      The results of the considered raw‐material analysis is reported in the shaded gray area of the matrix.

Raw material i Chemical formula R(i) per 2000 kg sand
Carbon C : 100, 85, 65% −6.70
Iron sulfide FeS −1.60
Pyrite FeS2 −1.20
Fluorspar CaF2 −0.10
Calumite Multicomponent slag −0.073
Iron red Fe2O3 +0,25
Chili saltpeter NaNO3 +0.32
Heavy spar BaSO4 +0.40
Gypsum CaSO4·2 H2O +0.56
Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 +0.65
Salt cake; sulfate Na2SO4 +0.67
Gypsum anhydrite CaSO4 +0.70
Sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7 +0.77
Manganese oxide MnO2 +1.09

      Finally, the raw materials are automatically weighed in proportions determined by batch calculations, conveyed to a mixer, and thoroughly mixed. During mixing, typically 2–3% of water is added to suppress dust formation and segregation induced either originally by transportation or subsequently by mixing. In batches containing soda ash, small amounts of this product dissolve in the water before reprecipitating on other batch grains. This process termed “impregnation” actually enhances the kinetics of batch melting.

      4.1 The Basic Importance of Convection

      In principle, the melting compartment (the tank) is a shallow basin whose typical dimensions (length L × width W × depth D) are 10 × 6 × 1 m3 for medium‐size container‐glass furnaces and 30 × 10 × 1.4 m3 for float‐glass furnaces. The required energy is delivered in a combustion space right above the melting compartment and transferred to the melt chiefly by black‐body radiation. Additional energy (5–20%) is delivered by direct electrical heating (boosting) of the melt.