Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Серия:
Жанр произведения: Техническая литература
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781118799499
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fraction of large bubbles of a fining gas Temperature range: 1400–1500 °C Intrinsic energy demand (for heating‐up): approx. 140 MJ M4 Refining, thermal, and chemical homogenization, whereby refining denotes the resorption of residual gas bubbles upon steady cooling Target temperature: 1350 °C Heat released: −220 MJ.

      At the end of step M4, the melt is finally conveyed to the forming area where it is transformed into hollow ware (Chapter 1.5), or flat glass (Chapter 1.4), or any other type of product. To maintain a high glass quality, the filling level of the melting compartment must be kept constant. Therefore, the sequence of process steps P1 to M4 must be well balanced logistically. This constraint puts a stringent time interval to act for online corrections to steps P4–P6; the buffer silo between steps P5 and P6 thus serves the sole purpose of widening this interval. Along the path from P6 to M4, no action for correction is possible at all.

      3.1 Raw Materials

Glass type ppm Fe2O3
Optical glass 10
Ultra‐white glass 100
Continuous fibers 200
Flint container glass 250
Standard float glass 300
Amber container glass 2 500
Cr‐green container glass 10 000
Graph depicts the absorption bands of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cr3+ in a glass melt, and radiation intensity in the combustion space of a furnace illustrated in a simplified way by black-body radiation emitted at 1600 °C from the upper lining of the furnace; relative intensities.

      3.2 Calculation of Batch Composition