214
“La Rapida Transformacion del Paisaje Viorgen de Guantanamo por lose immigran-tes Franceses (1802–1809),” in Levi Marrero, Cuba: Economia y sociedad, vol. 11, Azucar, ilustracion y conciencia, 1763–1868 (Madrid: Editorial Playor, 1983), 148; Moore, The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom, 4; Edwards, The Growth of the British Cotton Trade, 92; Brian Schoen, The Fragile Fabric of Union: Cotton, Federal Politics, and the Global Origins of the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 12.
215
Wright, The Political Economy of the Cotton South, 13; Gray, History ofAgriculture, 735.
216
Wright, The Political Economy of the Cotton South, 13; on Whitney see Scherer, Cotton as a World Power, 155–67; Stuart W. Bruchey, Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy, 1790–1860: Sources and Readings (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967), 45; Angela Lakwete, Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), как мне кажется, возражает этому мнению неубедительно; David Ramsay, Ramsay’s History ofSouth Carolina, From its First Settlement in 1670 to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Newberry, SC: W. J. Duffie, 1858), 214.
217
Stanley Dumbell, “Early Liverpool Cotton Imports and the Organisation of the Cotton Market in the Eighteenth Century,” Economic Journal 33 (September 1923): 370; Joyce Chaplin, “Creating a Cotton South,”: 187; здесь она кратко излагает одну такую историю; Gray, History of Agriculture, 685; Lacy K. Ford, “Self- Sufficiency, Cotton, and Economic Development in the South Carolina Upcountry, 1800–1860,” Journal ofEconomic History 45 (June 1985): 261–67.
218
Цифры из Adam Rothman, “The Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South, 1790–1820” (PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 2000), 20; Allan Kulikoff, “Uprooted People: Black Migrants in the Age of the American Revolution, 1790–1820,” in Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman, eds., Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 149; Peter A. Coclanis and Lacy K. Ford, “The South Carolina Economy Reconstructed and Reconsidered: Structure, Output, and Performance, 1670–1985,” in Winfred B. Moore Jr. et al., Developing Dixie: Modernization in a Traditional Society (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988), 97; Allan Kulikoff, “Uprooted People,” 149; Gray, History ofAgriculture, 685.
219
Farmer’s Register, vol. 1, 490, цит. по: William Chandler Bagley, Soil Exhaustion and the Civil War (Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs, 1942), 18–19; Bruchey, Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy, 80–1.
220
United States, Department of Commerce and Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), 518; Edward Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson, 1835), 302; Edwards, The Growth of the British Cotton Trade, 89, 95; Ramsay, Ramsay’s History of South Carolina, 121.
221
Tench Coxe, A Memoir of February 1817, 3.
222
Интереснейшее рассуждение о пограничных территориях см.: John C. Weaver, The Great Land Rush and the Making of the Modern World, 1650–1900 (Montreal: McGill— Queen’s University Press, 2003), 72–76.
223
Note by Thomas Baring, Sunday, June 19, in NP 1. A. 4. 13, Northbrook Papers, Baring Brothers, ING Baring Archive, London.
224
Gray, History ofAgriculture, 686, 901; эта история изложена в Rothman, “The Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South,” 155–69; см. также: Daniel H. Usner Jr., American Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Social and Economic Histories (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 83–89; James C. Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 7; Lawrence G. Gundersen Jr., “West Tennessee and the Cotton Frontier, 1818–1840,” West Tennessee Historical Society Papers 52 (1998): 25–43; David Hubbard to J. D. Beers, March 7, 1835, in New York and Mississippi Land Company Records, 1835–1889, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Выражаю благодарность Ричарду Рабиновичу за то, что он обратил мое внимание на этот источник.
225
Dewi Ioan Ball and Joy Porter, eds., Competing Voicesfrom Native America (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2009), 85–87.
226
Интересные подробности этой истории упомянуты в Rothman, “The Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South,” 20ff.; Gray, History ofAgriculture, 709; Moore, The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom, 6; John F. Stover, The Routledge Historical Atlas of the American Railroads (New York: Routledge, 1999), 15.
227
American Cotton Planter 1 (1853): 152; De Bow’s Review 11 (September 1851): 308; см. также: James Mann, The Cotton Trade of Great Britain (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Cº, 1860), 53; Elena Frangakis-Syrett, The Commerce of Smyrna in the Eighteenth Century (1700–1820) (Athens: Centre for Asia Minor Studies, 1992), 237.
228
Charles Mackenzie, Facts, Relative to the Present State of the British Cotton Colonies and to the Connection of their Interests (Edinburgh: James Clarke, 1811), 35; “Cotton. Cultivation, manufacture, and foreign trade of. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury,” March 4, 1836 (Washington: Blair & Rives, 1836), 16, http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011 159 609.
229
Allan Kulikoff, “Uprooted People,” 143–52; James McMillan, “The Final Victims: The Demography, Atlantic Origins, Merchants, and Nature of the Post-Revolutionary Foreign Slave Trade to North America, 1783–1810” (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 1999), 40–98; Walter Johnson, “Introduction,” in Johnson, ed., The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 6; Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); Rothman, “The Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South,” 59, 84, 314; Scherer, Cotton as a World Power, 151; Michael Tadman, Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 12.
230
См.: