Физика: Причины возникновения и этапы развития науки и учебной дисциплины. Цикл: Учебники по физике. Денис Иванович Ершов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Денис Иванович Ершов
Издательство: Издательские решения
Серия:
Жанр произведения:
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9785006498235
Скачать книгу
id="note17">

      17

      Alexander Macfarlane Lectures on ten British physicists of the nineteenth century (New York, John Wiley and sons, 1916)

      18

      Darrigol, Olivier (2012). A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 20.

      19

      Lindberg, David; Shank, Michael (2013). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 2, Medieval Science. pp. 984—1108.

      20

      Seyyed Hossein Nasr & Mehdi Amin Razavi (1996). The Islamic intellectual tradition in Persia. Routledge. p. 72.

      21

      Nadia Ambrosetti, L’eredità arabo-islamica nelle scienze e nelle arti del calcolo dell’Europa medievale, Milan, LED, 2008, p. 96—97

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