8 Chapter 8TABLE 8‐1. Polymers and FlammabilityTABLE 8‐2. Flammability TestsTABLE 8‐3. Smoke Evolution TestsTABLE 8‐4. Oxygen Index Rating of Some MaterialsTABLE 8‐5. Summary of UL 94 Vertical Burning Test for Classifying Materials V...TABLE 8‐6. Summary of UL 94 Vertical Burning Test for Classifying Materials, ...TABLE 8‐7. Standard Cross References
9 Chapter 10TABLE 10‐1. Liquid Systems Recommended for Use in Density Gradient ColumnsTABLE 10‐2. Water Absorption of Common PlasticsTABLE 10‐3. Immersion Temperature and Periods
10 Chapter 11TABLE 11‐1. Conditioning Procedures
11 Chapter 13TABLE 13‐1. Identification Techniques for Polymer and Additives [2]TABLE 13‐2. Solvent Abbreviations
12 Chapter 14TABLE 14‐1. Temperature and Relative Humidity ConditionsTABLE 14‐2. Test for Flexible Cellular MaterialsTABLE 14‐3. Foam Properties Chart
13 Chapter 15TABLE 15‐1. HDT versus Continuous‐Use Temperature (UL Temperature Index)TABLE 15‐2. Typical Part Design ChecklistTABLE 15‐3. Typical Failure Analysis ChecklistTABLE 15‐1‐1. Zero‐Shear Viscosities (Pa·s)TABLE 15‐2‐1. Spectral Match Scores for Duplicate Infrared Spectra Acquired f...TABLE 15‐2‐2. Parameters for the Gas Chromatographic AnalysisTABLE 15‐2‐3. Samples of Individual Components Used in Company A Coating Form...TABLE 15‐2‐4. Comparison of the Concentrations of Volatile Compounds in the A...TABLE 15‐2‐5. Comparison of the Major GC Peaks of the A1 and B1 Coating Sampl...
14 Chapter 16TABLE 16‐1. Factors for Control ChartsTABLE 16‐2. Sample Size and Code LettersTABLE 16‐3. Single Sampling Plan for Normal Inspection (Master Table)TABLE 16‐4. Double Sampling Plan for Normal InspectionsTABLE 16‐5. Reaction Table
15 Chapter 20TABLE 20‐1. Participating Members of ISO T61 on PlasticsTABLE 20‐2. Plastic Materials Database Directory (Revised 2019)
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1‐1. Automated test setup.Figure 1‐2. Automated notcher.Figure 1‐3. Twin‐bore capillary rheometer.Figure 1‐4. Instrumented impact tester.Figure 1‐5. Outdoor weathering box.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2‐1. A typical stress–strain curve.Figure 2‐2. Extension types: (a) bond bending, (b) uncoiling, (c) slippage....Figure 2‐3. Maxwell model.Figure 2‐4. (a) Types of stress–strain curves.Figure 2‐5. Stress–strain curve in tension and compression.Figure 2‐6. Diagram illustrating creep and stress relaxation.Figure 2‐7. Diagram illustrating creep and cold flow.Figure 2‐8. Tensile testing machine.Figure 2‐9. Tensile test specimen (Type I).Figure 2‐10. (a) Diagram illustrating an extensiometer attached to the test ...Figure 2‐11. Diagram illustrating stress‐strain curve from which modulus and...Figure 2‐12. The effect of fiberglass orientation.Figure 2‐13. The effect of the strain rate on the modulus.Figure 2‐14. The effect of temperature on tensile strength.Figure 2‐15. Environmental test chamber to study the tensile properties at d...Figure 2‐16. Forces involved in bending a simple beam.Figure 2‐17. Close‐up of a specimen shown in flexural testing apparatus.Figure 2‐18. Schematic of specimen arrangement for flexural testing, (Method...Figure 2‐19 Universal testing machine for testing of the specimen in either ...Figure 2‐20. The effect of temperature on flexural modulus.Figure 2‐21. A typical test set‐up for compression testing.Figure 2‐22. Generalized creep curve.Figure 2‐23. Tensile creep curve.Figure 2‐24. Typical test set‐up for tensile creep testing.Figure 2‐25. Close‐up of creep rupture test under tensile load.Figure 2‐26. Percent creep strain versus time.Figure 2‐27. Creep modulus versus time on Cartesian coordinates.Figure 2‐28. Creep modulus versus time on logarithmic coordinates.Figure 2‐29. Creep strain versus time at 1000 hours.Figure 2‐30. Isochronous stress–strain curve.Figure 2‐31. Isochronous stress–strain curve for various materials.Figure 2‐32. Effect of stress on creep modulus.Figure 2‐33. Creep modulus versus time at different temperatures.Figure 2‐34. Creep and stress relaxation.Figure 2‐35. Stress–time curve.Figure 2‐36. Stress relaxation curve plotted at various levels of constant s...Figure 2‐37. (a) Common failure modes.(b) Typical velocities of some imp...Figure 2‐38. Pendulum impact tester.Figure 2‐39. Notching machine for impact test bars.Figure 2‐40. Izod impact test specimen properly positioned in test fixture....Figure 2‐41. Charpy test set‐up.Figure 2‐42. Chip impact test setup.Figure 2‐43. Diagram illustrating the principle of the chip impact test.Figure 2‐44. Schematic of specimen‐in‐head tensile‐impact machine.Figure 2‐45. Tensile impact tester.Figure 2‐46. Mold dimensions of types S and L tensile‐impact specimens.Figure 2‐47. Drop impact tester.Figure 2‐48. Falling dart impact tester.Figure 2‐49 Impact tester specifically designed for impact testing pipe and ...Figure 2‐50. Load–energy–time curve showing the effect of temperature.Figure 2‐51. Instrumented impact tester.Figure 2‐52. (a) Load–energy–time curve showing the effect of an impact on