[139] Vlassara H, Bucala R. Advanced glycation and diabetes complications: an update. Diabetes Annu 1995; 9: 227-44.
[140] Tschöpe D, Rösen P. Gerinnungsstörungen bei metabolischem Syndrom und Typ 2 Diabetes. In: Mehnert H, editor. Herz, Gefäszlig;e und Diabetes. Miünchen: Medikon; 1997: 117-32.
[141] Baron AD, Quon MJ. Insulin action and endothelial function. In: Reaven GM, Laws A, editors, Insulin resistance. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999: 247-63.
[142] Laws A. Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia: implications for coronary heart disease risk. In: Reaven GM, Laws A, editors. Insulin resistance. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999: 267-80.
[143] Packer L, Rösen P, Tritschler HJ, King GL, Azzi A. Antioxidants in diabetes management. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000.
[144] Nawroth PP, Borcea V, Bierhaus A, Joswig M, Schiekofer S, Tritschler HJ. Oxidative stress, NF-kB activation, and late diabetic complications. In: Packer L, Rösen P, Tritschler HJ, King GL, Azzi A, editors, Antioxidants in diabetes management. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000: 185-204.
[145] Idris J, Gray S, Donelley R. Protein kinase C activation: isozyme-specific effects on metabolism and cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Diabetologia 2000; 44: 659-73.
[146] Nishigawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi SI, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes HP, Giardino I, Brownlee M. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 2000; 404: 787-90.
[147] Du XL, Edelstein D, Rossetti L, Fantus IG, Goldberg H, Ziyadeh F, Wu J, Brownlee M. Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing SP 1 glycosylarion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 12222-6.
[148] Koya D, King GL. Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes 1998; 47: 859-66.
[149] Rösen P, Nawroth PP, King G, Möller W, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a congress series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBM, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17: 189-212.
[150] Bucala R, Tracey A, Cerami A. Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilation in experimental diabetes. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 432-8.
[151] Bierhaus A, Schiekofer S, Schwaninger M, et al. Diabetes-associated sustained activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2792-808.
[152] Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 102: 520-6.
[153] Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Cruickshank KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy XV. The longterm incidence of macular edema. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 7-16.
[154] Krolewski AS, Kosinski EJ, Warram JH, Leland OS, Busick EJ, Asmal AC, Rand LI, Christlieb AR, Bradley RF, Kahn CR. Magnitude and determinants of coronary artery disease in juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 750-5.
[155] Mauer SM, Goetz FC, McHugh LE, Sutherland DER, Barbosa J, Najarian JS, Steffes MW. Longterm study of normal kidneys transplanted into patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 1989; 38: 516-23.
[156] Parving HH, Hommel E, Smidt UM. Protection of kidney function and decrease of in albuminuria by captopril in insulin dependent diabetes with nephropathy. BMJ 1987; 297: 1086-91.
[157] Parving HH, Andersen M, Smidt UH, Hommel E, Mathiesen ER, Svendsen PA. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1987; 294: 1443-7.
[158] UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-13.
[159] Adler AI, Stratum IM, Neil HAW, Yudkin JS, Mathews DR, Cull CA, Wright AD, Turner RC, Holman RR, on behalf of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000; 321: 412-9.
[160] Sjolie AK. Ocular complications in insulin treated diabetes mellitus: an epidemiological study. Acta Ophthalmol 1985; 172 (suppl): 1-77.
[161] Mühlhauser I, Sawicki P, Berger M. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for macroproteinuria and proliferative retinopathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 500-3.
[162] Klein BEK, Moss SE, Klein R. Effect of pregnancy on progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 34-40.
[163] Rosenn B, Miodovnik M, Kranias G, Khoury J, Combs CA, Mimouni F, Siddiqi TA, Lipman MJ. Progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: association with hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1214-8.
[164] Chew EY, Mills JL, Metzger BE, Remaley NA, Jovanovic-Petersen L, Knopp RH, Conley M, Rand L, Simpson JL, Holmes LB, Aorans JH. Metabolic control and progression of retinopathy. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 631-7.
[165] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs. An extension of the modified Airlie house classification. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report number 10, Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 786-806.
[166] Chaturvedi N, Stephenson JM, Fuller JH. The relationship between smoking and microvascular complications in the EURODIABIDDM Complications Study. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 785-92.
[167] Mühlhauser I, Bender R, Bott U, Jörgens V, Grüsser M, Wagener W, Overmann H, Berger M. Cigarette smoking and progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 1996; 13: 536-43.
[168] Ballegooie E Van, Hooymans JMM, Timmerman Z, Reitsma WD, Sluiter WJ, Schweitzer NMJ, Doorenbos H. Rapid deterioratiion of diabetic retinopathy during treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 236-42.
[169] DCCT Research Group. Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 874-86.
[170] Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL, Remaley NA, Murphy RP, Chantry K, Hoggwerf BJ, Miller D, for the ETDRS Research Group. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exsudate in diabetic retinopathy, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114: 1079-84.
[171] Davis MD, Fisher MR, Gangnon RE, Barton F, Aiello LM, Chew EY, Ferris FL, Knatterud GL for the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report #18. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39: 233-52.
[172] The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Indications for photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy: Diabetic Retinopathy Study report no. 14. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987; 27 (suppl4): 239-53.
[173] The Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Four-year results of a randomized trial: Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Report no 5. Arch Ophthalmol 1990; 108: 958-64.
[174] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group (EDTRS) report number 9. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 766-85.
[175]