[63] Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M, Flanders D, Pamuk E, Byers T. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1499-504.
[64] Omar MAK, Hammond MD, Seedat MA, Dyer RB, Rajput MC, Motala HA, Joubert SM. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a large group of South African Indians. S Afr Med J 1985; 67: 924-6.
[65] Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Kinpour JL, Nevell-Morris L, Shuman WP, Stolov WC, Wahl PW. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance among second generation Japanese-American men. Diabetes 1987; 36: 721-9.
[66] Cohen AM. Prevalence of diabetes among different ethnic Jewish groups in Israel. Metabolism 1961; 10: 50-8.
[67] O'Dea K. Diabetes in Australian aborigines: impact of the western diet and lifestyle. J Intern Med 1991; 232: 103-17.
[68] Barker DJP, Hales CN, Fall DHD, Osmond C, Phillips K, Clark PMS. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 62-7.
[69] Philipps DJW, Barker DJP, Barker CN, Hirst S, Ormond C Thinness at birth and insulin resistance in adult life. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 150-4.
[70] Lithell HO, McKeigue PM, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Lithell UB, Lean DA. Relation of size at birth to non-insulin-dependent diabetes and insulin concentrations in men aged 50-60 years. BMJ 1996; 312: 406-10.
[71] Bo S, Cavallo-Perin P, Ciccone G, Scaglione L, Pagano G. The metabolic syndrome in twins: a consequence of low birth weight or of being a twin? Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001; 109: 135-40.
[72] Matthews F, Yudkin P, Neil A. Influence of maternal nutrition on outcome of pregnancy: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1999; 319: 339-43.
[73] Matthews F, Yudkin P, Neil A. Author's reply. BMJ 2000; 320: 942.
[74] Groop LC. NIDDM an inherited disease of skeletal muscle energy metabolism? Exp Clin Endocrinol 1993; 101 (suppl 2): 294.
[75] Kahn CR, Insulin action, diabetogenes, and the cause of type II diabetes. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1066-84.
[76] Kahn CR, Vincent D, Doria A. Genetics of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. Annu Rev Med 1996; 47: 509-31.
[77] Karam JH. Reversible insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res 1996; 28: 440-4.
[78] Dugi K, Kassessinoff T, Nawroth PP. Type 2 Diabetes und genetische Defekte der β-Zellfunktion. In: Nawroth PP, editor. Kompendium Diabetologie. Berlin: Springer; 1999: 170-268.
[79] Zhang Y, Wat N, Stratton IM, Warren-Perry MG, Orho M, Groop L, Turner RC. UKPDS 19: Heterogeneity in NIDDM: separate contributions of IRS-1 and β3-adrenergic receptor mutations to insulin resistance and obesity respectively with no evidence for glycogen synthase gene mutations. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 1503-11.
[80] Grant PJ, Strickland MH, Mansfield MW. Insulin receptor subsrrate-1 gene and cardiovascular risk factors in NIDDM [letter]. Lancet 1995; 346: 841-2.
[81] Garvey WT, Huecksteadt TP, Mathaei S, Olefsky M. Role of glucose transporters in the cellular insulin resistance of type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 1528-36.
[82] Reynet C, Kahn CR. Rad: a member of the ras family overexpressed in muscle of type II diabetic humans. Science 1993; 262: 1441-4.
[83] Hager J, Hansen L, Vaisse C, Vionnet N, Philippi A, Poller W, Velho G, Carcassi C, Contu L, Julier C, et al. A missense mutation in the glucagon receptor gene is associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet 1995; 9: 299-304.
[84] Baier LJ, Sacchettini JC, Knowler WC, Eads J, Paolisso G, Tataranni PA, Mochizuki H, Bennett PH, Bogardus C, Prochazka M. An amino acid substitution in the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with increased fatty acid binding, increased fat oxidation, and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1281-7.
[85] Walston J, Silver K, Bogardus C, Knowler WC, Celli FS, Austin S, Manning B, Strosberg AD, Stern M, Raben N, Sorkin JD, Roth J, Shuldiner AR. Time of onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and genetic variation in the β3-adrenergic receptor gene. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 343-7.
[86] Hotamisligil GS. Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1271-8.
[87] Shagizadeh M, Ong JM, Garvey WT, Henry RR, Kern PA. The expression of TNF-α by human muscle. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 1111-6.
[88] Liu SL, Spelleken M, Röhrig K, Hauner H, Eckel J. Tumor necrosis factor-α acutely inhibits insulin signalling in human adipocytes. Diabetes 1998; 47: 515-22.
[89] Horikawa Y, Oda N, Cox NJ. Lix, Orho-Melander M, Hara M, Hinokio Y, Lindner TH, Mashima H, Schwarz PE del Bosque-Plata L, Horikawa Y, Oda Y, Yoshinchi I, Colilla S, Polonsky KS, Wei S, Concannon P, Iwasaki N, Schulze J, Baier LJ, Bogardus C, Groop L, Boerwinkle E, Hanis CL, Bell GI. Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet 2000; 26: 163-75.
[90] Holman GD, Kasuga M. From receptor to transporter: insulin signalling to glucose transport. Diabetologia 1997; 40:991-1003.
[91] Lillioja S, Mott DM, Zawadzki JK, Young AA, Abbott WGH, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Moll P, Bogardus C. In vivo insulin action is familial characteristic in non diabetic Pima Indians. Diabetes 1987; 36: 1329-35.
[92] Eriksson J, Franssila-Kallunki A, Ekstrand A, Saloranta C, Widen E, Schalin C, Groop L. Early metabolic defects in persons at increased risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 337-43.
[93] DeFronzo R. The triumvirate β-cell, muscle, and liver: a collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 1988; 37: 667-87.
[94] Groop LC, Kankutr RTM, Schalin-Jäntti C, Eckstrand A, Nikula-lljäs P, Widen E, Kuismanen E, Eriksson J, Franssila-Kallunki A, Saloranta C, Koskimies S. Association between polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 10-4.
[95] Krutzfeldt J, Kausch C, Volk A, Klein HH, Rett K. Häring HU, Stumvoll M. Insulin signaling and action in cultured skeletal muscle cells from lean healthy humans with high and low insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 2000; 49: 992-8.
[96] Colberg SR, Simeneau J, Icland Thaete F, Kelley DE. Skeletal muscle utilization of free fatty acids in women with visceral obesity. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1846-53.
[97] Dresner A, Laurent D, Marcuccl M, Griffin ME, Dufour S, Cline GW, Slezak LA, Andersen DK, Hundal RS, Rorhman Dl, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1 associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 253-9.
[98] Kersten S, Seydoux J, Peters J, Gonzalez FJ, Desvergne B, Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α mediates the adaptive response to fasting. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 1489-98.
[99] Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN, Newsholme EA. The glucose-fatty acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1963; i: 785-9.
[100] Boden G Free fatty acids, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Proc Ass Amer Phys 1999, 111:241-8.
[101] Rebrin K, Steil GM, Getty L, Bergmann RN. Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes 1995; 44: 1038-45.
[102] Bavenholm PN, Pigon J, Östenson CG, Efendic S. Insulin sensitivity of suppression of endogenous glucose production is the single most important determinant of glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2001;