16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Fragmentation spectrum and mass spectrum presented in graphical ...Figure 16.2 Diagram of mass spectrometer components.Figure 16.3 Resolving power. Left, definition of this parameter in the case ...Figure 16.4 Resolving power established using experimental spectra. Left, an...Figure 16.5 Interfacing between a separation method and mass spectrometry.Figure 16.6 Installation of a pumping system of a mass spectrometer. The tur...Figure 16.7 Turbomolecular pump. Basic diagram. The pumping effect is obtain...Figure 16.8 Electron ionization. The collision of an electron with a molecul...Figure 16.9 Influence of electron energy on fragmentation. An example with b...Figure 16.10 Chemical ionization. Formation of cationic species from methane...Figure 16.11 FAB and MALDI techniques. (a) The principle of formation of a f...Figure 16.12 Atmospheric pressure ionization by electrospray (ion spray). Th...Figure 16.13 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. (1) The sample soluti...Figure 16.14 Multicharged molecular ions. A spectrum obtained from cytochrom...Figure 16.15 Representation of the appropriate ranges for the main ionizatio...Figure 16.16 A 180° magnetic deflection spectrograph with a velocity filter....Figure 16.17 An instrument designed with a BE‐type electromagnetic analyser....Figure 16.18 Influence of the accelerating voltage upon the range of velocit...Figure 16.19 Layout of a double‐focusing EB mass spectrometer. R’ and R meas...Figure 16.20 A simplified diagram of a time‐of‐flight spectrometer and the p...Figure 16.21 Diagram of a linear quadrupole. Notice the connection of bars t...Figure 16.22 Quadrupole filter. Depending upon their mass, the ions respond ...Figure 16.23 Example of residual gases in a strong vacuum. The recording is ...Figure 16.24 Ion‐trap spectrometers. (a) Design of the electrodes in an ion ...Figure 16.25 Introduction (a), confinement (b), and ejection (c) of ions in ...Figure 16.26 The principle of ICRMS. (a) Basic ion trajectory subject to mag...Figure 16.27 A triple quadrupole (MS/MS). In this assembly, called QQQ, the ...Figure 16.28 MS detectors. (a) Discrete dynode model with active film(b)...Figure 16.29 Spectral profile of an antibody of high molecular mass. This sp...Figure 16.30 Fragmentation spectrum of butanone obtained by electron ionizat...Figure 16.31 Fragmentation modes of an ether, with diethyl ether taken as an...Figure 16.32 McLafferty rearrangement. Situation for butanal C4H8OFigure 16.33 Metastable ion peak. Theoretical appearance of the three peaks ...Figure 16.34 Metastable ion peaks observed during fragmentation of theobromi...Figure 16.35 Peptide bond cleavage. In this example of a tetrapeptide treate...Figure 16.36 Plasma torch ionization and recording obtained by the ICP/MS me...Figure P16.1 Figure P16.2 Figure P16.3 Figure P16.4 Figure P16.5
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Radioimmunology testing – the different steps.Figure 17.2 HPLC/MS measurement of caffeine by isotopic dilution. The stable...Figure 17.3 Different parts of an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS).Figure 17.4 The different steps of an ELISA‐type immune‐enzymatic test with ...Figure 17.5 Relationship between concentration and absorbance of ELISA assay...Figure 17.6 The EMIT technique. Enzymes are often used as tracers because th...Figure 17.7 Diagram of neutron activation. When a neutron interacts with the...Figure 17.8 A nonconventional application of neutron activation. When it is ...Figure 17.9 Three molecules labelled at a single site with 14C. This radiois...Figure 17.10 Three molecules labelled at a single site with 14C. Fluorescenc...
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Presentation of an elemental analysis.Figure 18.2 Pregl and Simon methods of microanalysis. Generations of student...Figure 18.3 Microanalysis apparatus with chromatographic detection. The fill...Figure 18.4 Instrument for nitrogen analysis. This instrument is a modern ad...Figure 18.5 A total nitrogen analyser. Model COT/TNAmong others this typ...Figure 18.6 Mercury analysers using AAS or cold vapour AFS. (a) Atomic absor...Figure 18.7 Ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). Ions are repetitively admitted ...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Measurement set‐up of an ion‐selective electrode (ISE). The sele...Figure 19.2 Glass electrode for measuring pH. The concentration of H+ ions i...Figure 19.3 Measurement set‐up of ion‐specific electrodes (ISE). Diagram of ...Figure 19.4 Liquid membrane electrode for the Ca2+ ion and organic compounds...Figure 19.5 Dissolved gas potentiometric sensor. Diagrams with two separate ...Figure 19.6 Example of an assay by direct potentiometry. The calibration cur...Figure P19.1
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Assembly of a voltammetric cell. (a) DC set‐up in which no curre...Figure 20.2 Evolution of the mercury drop diameter over time. Fresh‐drop DME...Figure 20.3 A polarographic wave. Polarogram of a solution containing 10 ppm...Figure 20.4 Sampling polarography. This technique increases the sensitivity ...Figure 20.5 Pulse polarography. NPP and DPP techniques. The diagram of the t...Figure 20.6 Square wave polarography (SWP). A periodic square wave signal wi...Figure 20.7 Determination of cations with a mercury film electrode by anodic...Figure 20.8 Coulometer to determine water content in accordance with the Kar...Figure 20.9 Karl Fischer coulometer electrodes. The purpose of the diaphragm...Figure 20.10 Voltammetric detection in HPLC and HPCE. (a) Two models of volt...Figure 20.11 A Clark sensor for oxygen determination. Cell with two concentr...Figure 20.12 Amperometric gas sensors (AGS).Figure 20.13 Two‐electrode cell for oxygen. The lead anode is progressively ...Figure 20.14 Two‐ and three‐electrode cells for carbon monoxide. Electrochem...Figure 20.15 Oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase. The reaction diagram s...Figure 20.16 Amperometric measurement of glucose. First generation based on ...
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Statistics displaying the proportion of time spent in each stage...Figure 21.2 Solid phase extraction. The separation of an analyte from the ma...Figure 21.3 Principle of immuno‐affinity extraction. The different steps of ...Figure 21.4 Micro‐extraction procedures. (a) Micro‐extraction using an adsor...Figure 21.5 Gas extraction. Principle of a gas/solid extraction column. A ch...Figure 21.6 Headspace analysis in static mode and in dynamic mode. In static...Figure 21.7 Supercritical fluid extraction. Comparison of the eluting powers...Figure 21.8 Microwave digester. Detailed view of the 15‐count carrousel and ...
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Graphic illustration of the data from Table 22.1. To illustrate ...Figure 22.2 Gaussian curves. When the number of measurements increases and i...Figure 22.3 Linear regression and Theil’s line corresponding to the data fro...Figure 22.4 Diagram of the linear equation calculation using Theil’s method ...Figure 22.5 The one‐factor‐at‐a‐time method. If there is a continuous‐respon...
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4 Foreword