18 Chapter 12: X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 12.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 12.2 THE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTRUM 12.3 EXCITATION SOURCES IN X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE 12.4 DETECTION OF X‐RAYS 12.5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS 12.6 SAMPLE PREPARATION 12.7 X‐RAY ABSORPTION – X‐RAY DENSITOMETRY 12.8 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BY X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE 12.9 APPLICATIONS OF X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
19 Chapter 13: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 13.1 THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON AN ELEMENT 13.2 APPLICATIONS TO MODERN INSTRUMENTS 13.3 MEASUREMENTS BY AAS 13.4 BASIC INSTRUMENTATION FOR AAS 13.5 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DISTURBANCES 13.6 CORRECTIONS OF NONSPECIFIC ABSORPTIONS 13.7 SENSITIVITY AND DETECTION LIMITS IN AAS KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
20 Chapter 14: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 14.1 OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (OES) 14.2 PRINCIPLE OF ATOMIC EMISSION ANALYSIS 14.3 DISSOCIATION OF THE SAMPLE INTO ATOMS OR IONS 14.4 DISPERSIVE SYSTEMS AND SPECTRAL LINES 14.5 SIMULTANEOUS AND SEQUENTIAL INSTRUMENTS 14.6 PERFORMANCE 14.7 APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY 14.8 FLAME PHOTOMETRY KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
21 Chapter 15: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 15.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 15.2 SPIN/MAGNETIC FIELD INTERACTION FOR A NUCLEUS 15.3 NUCLEI THAT CAN BE STUDIED BY NMR 15.4 BLOCH THEORY FOR I = ½ 15.5 LARMOR FREQUENCY 15.6 SPECTRUM OBTAINED BY PULSED NMR 15.7 THE PROCESSES OF NUCLEAR RELAXATION 15.8 CHEMICAL SHIFT 15.9 MEASURING THE CHEMICAL SHIFT 15.10 SHIELDING AND DESHIELDING OF THE NUCLEI 15.11 FACTORS INFLUENCING CHEMICAL SHIFTS 15.12 HYPERFINE STRUCTURE – SPIN–SPIN COUPLING 15.13 SPIN DECOUPLING AND PARTICULAR PULSE SEQUENCES 15.14 13C NMR 15.15 TWO‐DIMENSIONAL NMR (2D‐NMR) 15.16 FLUORINE AND PHOSPHORUS NMR 15.17 NMR APPLICATIONS KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
22
Chapter 16: Mass Spectrometry
16.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES
16.2 SAMPLE INTRODUCTION
16.3 MAIN VACUUM IONIZATION TECHNIQUES
16.4 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IONIZATION (API)
16.5 ANALYSERS
16.6 ION DETECTION
16.7