23 Chapter 17: Isotopic Analyses and Labelling Methods 17.1 PRINCIPLE OF ISOTOPIC DILUTION METHODOLOGIES 17.2 MEASUREMENT BY ADDING A RADIOISOTOPE 17.3 MEASURING BY ADDING A STABLE ISOTOPE 17.4 MEASURING ISOTOPE RATIOS FOR AN ELEMENT 17.5 MEASUREMENTS USING ENZYMATIC LABELLING 17.6 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (NAA) 17.7 REVIEW OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 17.8 HALF‐LIFE τ, RADIOACTIVITY CONSTANT λ AND ACTIVITY A 17.9 RADIOACTIVE LABELLING OF ORGANIC MOLECULES 17.10 DETECTION AND COUNTING OF RADIOACTIVITY 17.11 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
24 Chapter 18: Specific Analysers 18.1 SPECIFIC ANALYSES 18.2 ELEMENTAL ORGANIC ANALYSIS 18.3 TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSERS (TN) 18.4 TOTAL SULFUR ANALYSERS 18.5 TOTAL CARBON ANALYSERS (TC, TIC, AND TOC) 18.6 MERCURY ANALYSERS 18.7 ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY (IMS) 18.8 KARL FISCHER VOLUMETRIC METHOD KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
25 Chapter 19: Potentiometric and Ionometric Methods 19.1 MEASUREMENT CELLS 19.2 THE PH ELECTRODE 19.3 ION‐SELECTIVE ELECTRODES (ISE) 19.4 QUANTIFICATIONS METHODS 19.5 APPLICATIONS KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
26 Chapter 20: Voltammetric Methods 20.1 THE VOLTAMMETRIC METHOD 20.2 THE DROPPING MERCURY ELECTRODE 20.3 DIRECT CURRENT POLAROGRAPHY (DCP) 20.4 DIFFUSION CURRENT 20.5 PULSE POLAROGRAPHY 20.6 ALTERNATING CURRENT POLAROGRAPHY (ACP) 20.7 STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY 20.8 COULOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 20.9 COULOMETRIC TITRATION OF WATER CONTENT 20.10 VOLTAMMETRIC DETECTION IN HPLC AND HPCE 20.11 AMPEROMETRIC SENSORS KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
27 Chapter 21: Sample Preparation 21.1 THE NEED FOR SAMPLE PRETREATMENT 21.2 SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE) 21.3 IMMUNO‐AFFINITY EXTRACTION 21.4 MICRO‐EXTRACTION PROCESSES 21.5 GAS EXTRACTION ON A CARTRIDGE OR A DISC 21.6 HEADSPACE 21.7 SUPERCRITICAL PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE) 21.8 MICROWAVE REACTORS 21.9 ON‐LINE ANALYSERS KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER
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Chapter 22: Basic Statistical Parameters
22.1 CENTRAL VALUE, ACCURACY, AND RELIABILITY OF A SET OF MEASUREMENTS
22.2 VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
22.3 RANDOM OR INDETERMINATE ERRORS
22.4 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL