Chemical Analysis. Francis Rouessac

diagram of the optical path of a single‐beam, sequent...Figure 9.14 Single‐beam spectrometer with detection by CCD array. Module lay...Figure 9.15 Optical path from the exit of the monochromator to the detector ...Figure 9.16 Cells and main sampling devices. a) Standard cuvette and circula...Figure 9.17 Absorption of light by a homogeneous material and representation...Figure 9.18 Illustration of the Beer–Lambert law. Spectra of aqueous solutio...Figure 9.19 Additive nature of absorbances. For all wavelengths, the absorba...Figure 9.20 Isobestic point. Alkaline hydrolysis of methyl salicylate at 25°...Figure 9.21 Illustration of two frequently encountered situations. A compoun...Figure 9.22 Calibration curve. If a single reference solution is prepared, t...Figure 9.23 Confirmatory analysis. (a) Spectrum of a mixture (X + Y) and spe...Figure 9.24 Multicomponent analysis. Spectra of a 1 × 10⁻⁴ M solution ...Figure 9.25 Deconvolution of the spectrum of a five‐compound mixture. From t...Figure 9.26 Illustration of the concepts behind the Morton–Stubbs calculatio...Figure 9.27 Curves representing the average of each of the errors (1 to 3) i...Figure 9.28 Derivative curves for two compounds. We can note the presence of...Figure 9.29 Effect of light scattering on a UV spectrum and on its first der...Figure 9.30 Visual colorimetry. Visual comparator (Merck) with two tubes: on...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Mechanical interpretation of the interaction between a light wav...Figure 10.2 Mid‐IR spectrum of a polystyrene film. The typical representatio...Figure 10.3 Rotational/vibrational levels of a diatomic molecule and corresp...Figure 10.4 A diatomic molecule represented in the form of a harmonic oscill...Figure 10.5 Diagram of the vibrational energy levels of a bond. The transiti...Figure 10.6 Molecular vibrations of CH₂. Characteristic stretching and bendi...Figure 10.7 Configurations of spectrometers and analysers in the infrared re...Figure 10.8 The optical assembly of a Fourier transform apparatus. (a) 90° M...Figure 10.9 Sequence for obtaining a pseudo‐double‐beam spectrum with a Four...Figure 10.10 Portable FTIR analyser. Small size apparatus allowing the study...Figure 10.11 Nondispersive gas analyser. The cell containing the gas to be q...Figure 10.12 Some sources used in the near and mid‐infrared region. Operatin...Figure 10.13 Detectors in the infrared region. The operating principles of p...Figure 10.14 Cells in the mid‐IR region. View of the direct optical pathway ...Figure 10.15 Materials and solvents in the MIR region. The main crystals or ...Figure 10.16 Three types of reflections used in the MIR region. (a) Specular...Figure 10.17 Critical angle and evanescent wave. Comparison of the path, whe...Figure 10.18 Reflection spectra. (a) Spectra from a sample of Plexiglas obta...Figure 10.19 Optical path of an IR microscope. The sample can be examined in...Figure 10.20 Measurement of cell thickness by the method of interference fri...Figure 10.21 Correction of the absorption baseline. If we assume, for the gi...Figure 10.22 Harmonic and combination bands of several organic compound bond...Figure 10.23 Effect of particle size distribution on the spectrum of flour a...Figure 10.24 Integrating sphere and commercial instruments for NIRS. Left: D...Figure 10.25 Portable NIR spectrometer. Left: NIR spectrometer for the analy...Figure 10.26 Energy diagram and Raman scattering. The use of an energy diagr...Figure 10.27 Raman spectrum. (a) The three main Stokes and anti‐Stokes lines...Figure 10.28 Raman spectrum of a cross‐linked polystyrene film. Comparison w...Figure 10.29 Miniaturized Raman spectrometer. A field device using an excita...Figure P10.1

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Representation, as an energy diagram, of the absorption of a pho...Figure 11.2 Jablonski diagram. According to quantum theory, fluorescence res...Figure 11.3 Representation on the same graph of the absorbance and fluoresce...Figure 11.4 Fluorescing aromatic compounds. The compound names are followed ...Figure 11.5 Fluorescence intensity. Depending on the site in the solution wh...Figure 11.6 Fluorescence intensity and concentration. Modelling of Eq. (11.7...Figure 11.7 The various components of a fluorescence spectrum. The position ...Figure 11.8 Block diagram of a spectrofluorometer with a xenon arc lamp. The...Figure 11.9 Diagram of the optical path of a fluorescence microplate reader....Figure 11.10 Diagram of a Shimadzu F‐4500 spectrofluorometer. A fraction of ...Figure 11.11 Fluorescence spectra. Above, emission–excitation matrix of a mi...Figure 11.12 Representation of fluorescence decay and the principle of measu...Figure 11.13 Protein assay by chemifluorescence in biochemistry. The diagram...Figure 11.14 Comparison of UV and fluorescence detection following a chromat...Figure 11.15 Examples of chemiluminescence reactions. The nature of the reac...Figure 11.16 Nitrogen analyser using chemiluminescence. Stoichiometric react...Figure 11.17 Chemiluminescence reactions using ozone. The transformation of ...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 X‐ray fluorescence, Auger emission, and Compton scattering. X‐ra...Figure 12.2 Simplified diagram of the source of some fluorescence transition...Figure 12.3 X‐ray generators. (a) Diagram of a classic X‐ray tube with water...Figure 12.4 Radioactive source ⁵⁵Fe. Emission spectrum obtained by placing a...Figure 12.5 Pear‐shaped interaction of the electron beam with the material. ...Figure 12.6 Various detectors used in X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. (a) P...Figure 12.7 The two acquisition modes of X‐ray spectra. The energy detection...Figure 12.8 Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. Arrangement o...Figure 12.9 Reflecting crystals used in goniometers of wavelength‐dispersive...Figure 12.10 Crystal‐based sequential spectrometers. Above, a diagram inspir...Figure 12.11 X‐ray densitometry –percentage transmission for two films made ...Figure 12.12 ED‐XRF portable field apparatus. (a) Spectometer SPECTRO‐X Sort...Figure 12.13 Spectrum of a surface sample from Mars, obtained by the Mars Ro...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Kirchhoff ’s experiment on the reversal of lines. The convention...Figure 13.2 Some energy levels of the sodium atom. Simplified representation...Figure 13.3 Summary of the possible evolution of an aerosol solution in a fl...Figure 13.4 Examples of calibration graphs in AAS. Left, a straight calibrat...Figure 13.5 The various components of a single‐beam atomic absorption appara...Figure 13.6 Two types of sources in AAS. The cathode is a hollow cylinder wh...Figure 13.7 Comparison of transmitted intensities in AAS with a continuum li...Figure 13.8 Burner and thermoelectric atomization system. (a), (b) Graphite ...Figure 13.9 Diagram of a hydride reactor. Reserved for certain elements, thi...Figure 13.10 Matrix modification. Ammonium nitrate or EDTA increases the vol...Figure 13.11 Diagram of an AA spectrometer showing background correction wit...Figure 13.12 Normal Zeeman effect. Pictorial explanation of the constant inv...Figure 13.13 Correction using a pulsed lamp. Profiles of an emission line in...Figure 13.14 Elements measured by AAS.

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Basic design of an atomic emission spectrometer.Figure 14.2 Energy transitions in atomic emission. For every atom, there are...Figure 14.3 Plasma torch obtained by inductive coupling. Plasma torch repres...Figure 14.4 Nebulizers. Models: cross‐path (1), concentric (2) and parallel ...Figure 14.5 Laser and glow discharge excitation instruments. (a) By laser (L...Figure 14.6 Atomic spectrometry using plasma induced by laser. Two models of...Figure 14.7 Three fundamental causes of atomic line broadening. Representati...Figure 14.8 Optical diagram of an instrument with a concave grating and a po...Figure 14.9 Principle of dispersion in the focal plane of an assembly combin...Figure 14.10 Optical diagram for a spectrophotometer with an echelle grating...Figure 14.11 Linear dispersion and reciprocal linear dispersion (inverse dis...Figure 14.12 Analysis of a sample of Mars soil by atomic emission after lase...Figure 14.13 Flame photometry. Basic diagram of a flame photometer and list ...

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Conventional representation of the ¹H NMR spectrum of an organic...Figure 15.2 Effect of a magnetic field upon a nucleus of spin number ½ for a...Figure 15.3 Representation of the energy differences for a nucleus with a sp...Figure 15.4 Precession and magnetization. (a) A snapshot illustrating the pr...Figure 15.5 NMR spectrum of a water sample placed in a borosilicate glass co...Figure 15.6 Representation of an electromagnetic wave and its effect on a nu...Figure 15.7 Deviation of the magnetization vector and return to equilibri...Figure 15.8 FID signal of fluoroacetone (¹³C) obtained with a pulsed wave ap...Figure 15.9 CW‐NMR apparatus. Arrangement of the different coils around the ...Figure 15.10 The two processes of nuclear relaxation. Evolution of spin–spin...Figure 15.11 Chemical shifts of certain compounds in proton NMR. Shielding e...Figure 15.12 Effects of resonance for carbonyl compounds in ¹³C NMR. If the ...Figure 15.13 Anisotropic effects and induced local fields. The presence of π...Figure 15.14 Heteronuclear spin‐spin coupling of hydrogen