Clinical Pancreatology for Practising Gastroenterologists and Surgeons. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Медицина
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119570141
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Endoscopic Transgastric vs. Primary Necrosectomy in Patients with Infected Necrosis) by Bakker et al. from the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group, in which endoscopic necrosectomy led to a decreased proinflammatory response and was associated with a substantially reduced incidence of major complications or death (20% vs. 80%) [25]. In the PENGUIN trial, the endoscopic approach consisted of initial transgastric puncture followed by balloon dilation of the tract and subsequent drainage and necrosectomy, whereas the surgical approach first focused on VARD or laparoscopic debridement as opposed to open surgical necrosectomy if VARD was not possible. Subsequently, a step‐up management approach was proposed that primarily aims at control of any subsequent infection and aims for minimally invasive management strategies as opposed to open necrosectomy, with a stepwise progression from percutaneous to endoscopic to VARD or laparoscopic drainage and debridement. The step‐up approach was compared in the PANTER trial in which van Santvoort et al. [29] demonstrated a significant reduction in their primary composite end point of death or major complications in which this composite outcome was found in 40% of patients undergoing a minimally invasive step‐up approach compared to 69% of those undergoing primary open necrosectomy [relative risk (RR) 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38–0.87; P = 0.006]. Interestingly, in this initial study, laparoscopic necrosectomy was not part of the algorithm, and in the step‐up approach only a small proportion of patients underwent endoscopic necrosectomy whereas most underwent percutaneous drainage and then VARD.

      Van Brunschot et al. [31] investigated EUS‐guided transluminal drainage with endoscopic necrosectomy versus a surgical step‐up approach in a multicenter randomized superiority trial involving 19 hospitals in the Netherlands. A total of 98 patients were enrolled and randomized, with no significant differences in mortality rates (18% in endoscopy vs. 13% in surgery), nor any significant differences in any other major complication, though there were lower rates of pancreatic fistula formation and length of stay in the endoscopy group. Bang et al. [32] conducted a single‐center randomized trial of 66 patients with confirmed or suspected infected pancreatic necrosis requiring intervention with randomization to minimally invasive surgery (either laparoscopic or VARD) or endoscopic step‐up approach including transluminal drainage with and without necrosectomy with a composite end point of major complications, including new‐onset multiorgan failure, new‐onset systemic dysfunction, enteral or pancreato‐cutaneous fistula, bleeding, perforation, or death. Of the patients undergoing the endoscopic approach, 11.8% reached the composite end point whereas 40.6% of patients undergoing surgical interventions reached the composite end point (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11–0.80; P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in mortality among groups but none of the patients undergoing endoscopic approaches developed fistula, while 28.1% of patients undergoing surgery developed fistulas (P = 0.001), with a significantly higher mean number of complications in the surgical group as well. The mean total cost was also significantly lower in the endoscopic group compared to the surgical group (US$75 830 vs. US$117 492; P = 0.039) [32]. Khan et al. [33] performed a meta‐analysis evaluating the safety of endoscopic drainage versus minimally invasive surgical necrosectomy in the treatment of WON, in which two randomized controlled trials and four observational studies of 641 patients were included, with an overall 8.5% mortality rate in the endoscopic drainage group compared with a 14.2% mortality rate in the minimally invasive surgical necrosectomy group, with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.59 favoring endoscopic drainage (95% CI 0.35–0.98). Further, rates of development of new major organ failure post intervention were 12% in the endoscopic group compared to 54% in the surgical group, with a pooled OR of 0.12 (95% CI 0.06–0.31) favoring endoscopic drainage, a lower overall adverse events rate favoring endoscopic drainage (pooled OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.10–0.67), as well as shorter length of stay in the endoscopic group with a pooled mean difference of –21.07 days (95% CI –36.97 to –5.18 days).

      Methods of Endoscopic Necrosectomy and Stent Choice

      Since their advent just a few years ago, LAMS have fundamentally altered the endoscopic management approach to both solid and cystic collections. These stents allow continued access with decreased risk of migration, can be easily and safely placed endoscopically, and enable drainage of larger amounts and sizes of tissue and allow direct endoscopic access into the collection for debridement. The endoscopic access options available to the endoscopist include placement of plastic stents or LAMS. Adler et al. [34] in a multicenter (four tertiary care centers across the United States) retrospective study of 80 patients with pancreatic fluid collections drained with LAMS showed that the overall technical success rate was 98.7% with no statistically significant difference in the technical success rate between the inpatient and outpatient groups, although there was a significantly lower number of procedures required for resolution in the inpatient group compared to the outpatient group (2.3 vs. 3.1; P = 0.025), as well as significantly lower adverse event rates in the inpatient versus the outpatient group (P <0.01). While critically ill patients require inpatient hospitalization and management, this study demonstrates that those who have symptomatic collections who are otherwise stable may be able to be managed as outpatients in an ambulatory setting with close interval follow‐up.

      Importantly, one of the key factors in minimizing stent‐related adverse events was performance of follow‐up imaging and stent removal at three weeks post placement if the WON had resolved. This is especially important