The three parts in Volume 2 address PNT using alternative signals and sensors and integrated PNT technologies for consumer and commercial applications. An overview chapter provides the motivation and organization of the volume, followed by a chapter on nonlinear estimation methods which are often employed in navigation system modeling and sensor integration. Part D devotes 7 chapters to using various radio signals transmitted from sources on the ground, from aircraft, or from low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites for PNT purposes. Many of these signals were intended for other functions, such as broadcasting, networking, and imaging and surveillance. In Part E, there are 8 chapters covering a broad range of non‐radio frequency sensors operating in both passive and active modes to produce navigation solutions, including MEMS inertial sensors, advances in clock technologies, magnetometers, imaging, LiDAR, digital photogrammetry, and signals received from celestial bodies. A tutorial‐style chapter on multiple approaches to GNSS/INS integration methods is included in Part E. Also included in Part E are chapters on the neuroscience of navigation and animal navigation. Finally, Part F presents a collection of work on contemporary PNT applications such as surveying and mobile mapping, precision agriculture, wearable systems, automated driving, train control, commercial unmanned aircraft systems, aviation, satellite orbit determination and formation flying, and navigation in the unique Arctic environment.
The chapters in this book were written by 131 authors from 18 countries over a period of 5 years. Because of the diverse nature of the authorship and the topics covered in the two volumes, the chapters were written in a variety of styles. Some are presented as high‐level reviews of progress in specific subject areas, while others are tutorials with detailed quantitative analysis. A few chapters include links to MATLAB or Python example code as well as test data for those readers who desire to have hands‐on practice. The collective goal is to appeal to industry professionals, researchers, and academics involved with the science, engineering, and application of PNT technologies. A website, pnt21book.com, provides chapter summaries; downloadable code examples, data, worked homework examples, select high‐resolution figures, errata, and a way for readers to provide feedback.
A comprehensive project of this scale would not be possible without the collective efforts of the GNSS and PNT community. We appreciate the leading experts in the field taking time from their busy schedules to answer the call in contributing to this book. Some of the authors also provided valuable input and comments to other chapters in the book. We also sought input from graduate students and postdocs in the field as they will be the primary users and represent the future of the field. We want to acknowledge the following individuals who have supported or encouraged the effort and/or helped to improve the contents of the set: Michael Armatys, Penina Axelrad, John Betz, Rebecca Bishop, Michael Brassch, Brian Breitsch, Phil Brunner, Russell Carpenter, Charles Carrano, Ian Collett, Anthea Coster, Mark Crews, Patricia Doherty, Chip Eschenfelder, Hugo Fruehauf, Gaylord Green, Richard Greenspan, Yu Jiao, Kyle Kauffman, Tom Langenstein, Gerard Lachapelle, Richard Langley, Robert Lutwak, Jake Mashburn, James J. Miller, Mikel Miller, Pratap Misra, Oliver Montenbruck, Sam Pullen, Stuart Riley, Chuck Schue, Logan Scott, Steve Taylor, Peter Teunissen, Jim Torley, A. J. van Dierendonck, Eric Vinande, Jun Wang, Pai Wang, Yang Wang, Phil Ward, Dongyang Xu, Rong Yang, and Zhe Yang. The Wiley‐IEEE Press team has demonstrated great patience and flexibility throughout the five‐year gestation period of this project. And our families have shown great understanding, generously allowing us to spend a seemingly endless amount of time to complete the set.
This project was the brainchild of Dr. James Spilker, Jr. He remained a fervent supporter until his passing in October 2019. A pioneer of GPS civil signal structure and receiver technologies, Dr. Spilker was truly the inspiration behind this effort. During the writing of this book set, several pioneers in the field of GNSS and PNT, including Ronald Beard, Per Enge, Ronald Hatch, David Last, and James Tsui also passed away. This set is dedicated to these heroes and all those who laid the foundation for the field of PNT.
Jade MortonFrank van DiggelenBradford ParkinsonSherman LoGrace Gao
Note
1 1 RTI International Final Report, Sponsored by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Economic Benefits of the Global Positioning System (GPS),” June 2019.
Contributors
Zuheir Altamimi Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière, France
Chi O. Ao Jet Propulsion Laboratory, United States
Benjamin W. Ashman National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States
Yoaz Bar‐Sever Jet Propulsion Lab, United States
Miguel Manteiga Bautista European Space Agency, the Netherlands
John W. Betz The MITRE Corporation, United States
David Bevly Auburn University, United States
Sunil Bisnath York University, Canada
Yehuda Bock Scripps Institution of Oceanography, United States
Alexei Bolkunov PNT Center, Russia
Harrison Bourne University of Colorado Boulder, United States
Brian Breitsch University of Colorado Boulder, United States
Hugues Brenot Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Belgium
Jacob Campbell Air Force Research Laboratory, United States
Aaron Canciani Air Force Institute of Technology, United States
J. Russell Carpenter National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States
Eric Châtre European Commission, Belgium
Chi‐Chih Chen The Ohio State University, United States
Pau Closas Northeastern University, United States
H. Stewart Cobb Satelles, United States
Simone D’Amico Stanford University, United States
Evan Dill National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States
Gillian Durieux Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Germany
Alejandro Egido Starlab, Spain
Naser El‐Sheimy University of Calgary, Canada
Per K. Enge Stanford University, United States
James Farrell Vigil Inc., United States
Alissa M. Fitzgerald A.M. Fitzgerald & Associates, LLC, United States
Grace Gao Stanford University, United States
James Garrison Purdue University, United States
Christine Gommenginger National Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom
Mark Gretton TomTom, United Kingdom
Paul D. Groves University College London, United Kingdom
Robert Guinness Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Finland