A Guide to the Scientific Career. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Серия:
Жанр произведения: Биология
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781118907269
Скачать книгу
and improve your confidence.

      During your career, or even in your personal life, you will come across circumstances that will affect your confidence. Not only do these situations affect your reputation, but they may also deteriorate your confidence in the long‐term. Examples of such situations consist of, but are not limited to, bullying, verbal or physical abuse, gossiping, and public shaming. Additional steps you can take to overcome confidence issues include promoting success by enhancing experiences and taking risks, making use of role models, and seeking encouragement.

      Man often becomes what he believes himself to be. If I keep on saying to myself that I cannot do a certain thing, it is possible that I may end by really becoming incapable of doing it. On the contrary, if I have the belief that I can do it, I shall surely acquire the capacity to do it even if I may not have it at the beginning.

      – Mahatma Gandhi (cited by Deats 2005)

      Believe in yourself and there will come a day when others will have no choice but to believe with you.

      – Cynthia Kersey (cited by Sharma 2013)

      Research has shown that the way people perceive themselves affects how others perceive them (Carney et al. 2010; Cuddy 2009; Cuddy et al. 2011, 2013; Fiske et al. 2006; Sherman et al. 2012). It has also shown that body language affects others' judgment. Amy Cuddy, a social psychologist, has shown how a few simple poses can affect a person's confidence in their personal life, at job interviews, and even in their career (Carney et al. 2010). Such poses include spreading your arms wide to appear more powerful, lifting your chest, holding your head high, and propping your arms either up or on the hips (Carney et al. 2010).

      Our bodies change our minds, and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes.

      – Amy Cuddy (2012)

      1 Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

      2 Bandura, A. (1997). Self‐Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.

      3 Bandura, A. (2004). Cultivate self‐efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. In: Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior (ed. E.A. Locke), 120–136. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

      4 Bandura, A. and Locke, E.A. (2003). Negative self‐efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (1): 87–99.

      5 Carney, D.R. , Cuddy, A.J.C. , and Yap, A.J. (2010). Power posing: brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. Psychological Science 21 (10): 1363–1368.

      6 Cerf, B.A. (1948). Shake Well before Using: A New Collection of Impressions and Anecdotes, Mostly Humorous. New York: Garden City Books.

      7 Clance, P.R. and Imes, S.A. (1978). The impostor phenomenon in high achieving women: dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 15 (3): 241–247.

      8 Cuddy, Amy . “Just Because I'm Nice, Don't Assume I'm Dumb.” Breakthrough Ideas of 2009. Harvard Business Review 87, no. 2 (February 2009).

      9 Cuddy, A. (2012). Your Body Language Shapes Who you Are. Edinburgh, Scotland: TEDGlobal.

      10 Cuddy, A.J.C. , Glick, P. , and Beninger, A. (2011). The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior 31: 73–98.

      11 Cuddy, A.J.C. , M. Kohut, and J. Neffinger. “Connect, Then Lead.” Harvard Business Review 91, nos. 7/8 (July–August 2013): 54–61.

      12 Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

      13 Deats, R. (2005). Mahatma Gandhi, Nonviolent Liberator: A Biography, 108. Hyde Park: New City Press.

      14 Deschene, L. “8 ways to be more confident: live the life of your dreams.” Web log post. Tiny Buddha. Web. 16 Jun. 2014.

      15 Dunning, D. , Johnson, K. , Ehrlinger, J. et al. (2003). Why People Fail to Recognize their Own Incompetence, 83–87. American Psychological Society.

      16 Eccles, J.S. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement‐related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly 11: 135–172.

      17 Edwards, R.K. , Kellner, K.R. , Sistrom, C.L. et al. (2003). Medical student self‐assessment of performance on an obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology 188 (4): 1078–1082.

      18 Ehrlinger, J. and Dunning, D. (2003). How chronic self‐views influence and potentially mislead estimates of performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84: 5–17.

      19 Epstein, R.M. and Hundert, E.M. (2002). Defining and assessing professional competence. JAMA 287 (2): 226–235.

      20 Fiske, S.T. , Cuddy, A.J.C. , and Glick, P. (2006). Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Science 11 (2): 77–83.

      21 Friesen, T. (2014). Ride the Waves, vol. II, 62. Bloomington: Balboa Press.

      22 Haun, D.E. , Zeringue, A. , Leach, A. et al. (2000). Assessing the competence of specimen‐processing personnel. Laboratory Medicine 31 (11): 633–637.

      23 Holgate, S.A. Successful careers: a matter of confidence. 2012. Science career magazine (November 2012).

      24 Jami, C. (2015). Killosophy, 80. Unknown City.

      25 JoyBell C.C. Quotes. Goodreads. Web. 16 Jun. 2014.

      26 Kang H. (2014) When Ignorance Begets Confidence: The Classic Dunning‐Kruger [WWW]http://typezen.com/when-ignorance-begets-confidence-the-classic-dunning-kruger/2969.