The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Carol A. Chapelle

rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_28022f53-deaa-573b-aa8d-2a5f42bd5b11">References Suggested Readings Pragmatics of Lingua Franca Interaction What Is a Lingua Franca? Pragmatics and Discourse‐Related Studies of ELF: Some Research Findings Conclusion References Suggested Readings Pragmatics Research Methods Observational Data Collection Procedures Elicited Data Collection Procedures Experimental Collection Procedures Data Analysis References Suggested Readings Pragmatic Transfer Acknowledgment References Suggested Readings Pronunciation Assessment Introduction Purposes of Assessing Pronunciation Methods of Pronunciation Assessment Challenges in Defining the Construct Conclusion References Suggested Readings Pronunciation Teaching Methods and Techniques Understanding the Basic Features of Pronunciation in English Setting Realistic Goals for Instruction Planning Instruction Techniques, Tools, and Technology References Suggested Readings

      23  Q Qualitative Corpus Analysis Definition and Philosophy Evolution of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Corpus Analysis Methodological Foundations Corpus Design Corpus Markup and Annotation Data Retrieval Data Interpretation Practical Applications Conclusions References Suggested Readings Qualitative Research on Information and Communication Technology Current Areas of Inquiry in ICT Research Considerations of Qualitative Methods in ICT Settings New Demands in Qualitative Research in ICT Conclusion References Suggested Readings Qualitative Sociolinguistics Research Formulating Qualitative Sociolinguistic Research Traditions in Qualitative Sociolinguistics Research Observing Language Use in Context Issues and Tools in Data Collection Recent Trends in Qualitative Sociolinguistic Research References Suggested Readings Quantitative Methods Introduction Theoretical Assumptions Formulating the Research Question Following a Systematic Approach Factorial Designs Answering the Research Question References Suggested Readings

      24  R Rating Oral Language Rating Scales Rater Training Rating Processes Rater Bias Patterns Future Trends References

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