Есть также большое количество кратких словарей вышеперечисленной тематики для школьников.
3. Types of Russian dictionaries and how to use them
The history of Russian dictionaries began in the XIth century. But this was the lot of a small number of literate people in Russia. Thenfuture, vocabulary developedparallel to the Russian language, science and literacy. The XVIIth is considered a turning point incompiling dictionaries in Russia. Because foreign languageswere actively included into science and culture.
«The Dictionary of the Russian Academy», which consisted of 6 volumes and was published in 1789—1794, is considered to be the first proper academic dictionary of the Russian language in Russian philological science.
Nowadays many types of dictionaries are issued in Russia. They correspond to the branches of the science of language.
Explanatory dictionaries contain basic information about the grammatical characteristics of the word, the meaning of the word, the correct use in the text; in some explanatory dictionaries, emphasis is placed on word formation.
Dictionaries of synonyms provide examples for distinguishing shades of meaning. The wealth of any language is assessed by synonyms.
Dictionaries of antonyms give words with opposite meanings. These dictionaries perform balancing of two poles in the language – the positive and the negative.
Dictionaries of phraseological units help to understand stable phrases, where the meaning encompasses not one word, but several. Fixed phrases are translated into another language through the meaning of a group of words. A typical example is proverbs. There are also special dictionaries of Russian proverbs. Because not even all Russians can understand the meaning of phraseological units.
Terminological dictionaries help to understand professional words and terms from a specific field of knowledge.
Frequency dictionaries help to identify the most frequently used words.
Dictionaries of neologisms explain the emerging new words in the Russian language. Neologisms can appear on the material of the Russian language and enter from foreign languagesinto the Russian language. For such neologisms from other languages, there are also loan dictionaries. There are also dictionaries of foreign words, that is, these are the words that function in the Russian language, but Russians feel them as“foreign».
Etymological dictionaries explain the history of the formation of word meanings. Sometimes it changes in the course of history. As happened with the word «red», now it has two separate meanings: «red in color» and «holiday», for example, the red days of the calendar. And in ancient times, the word «red» meant «beautiful».
It is important for learners of the Russian language to know about dictionaries of homonyms. Homonyms are words that are similar in spelling (homographs) or pronunciation (homophones). Dictionaries will help differentiate such similar words. Less similar words, which can also complicate their differentiation in use, are paronyms. For such words, there are dictionaries of paronyms.
Any student of the Russian language who wants to study Russian literature should know that in Russia dictionaries of Russian writers, the majority, have been compiled.
The official literary language is one. But Russia occupies a large territory, and in the regions there may be words that are characteristic only of this region. Dialect dictionaries will help in solving this problem. A dialect is a variant of the Russian language with some peculiarities in grammar, vocabulary and phonetics for a given region.
So, the author lists dictionaries that will always help you to know the Russian language perfectly after a good mastering of the material of this textbook.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
Dictionary of synonyms
Dictionary of antonyms
Dictionary of phraseological units
Dictionary of proverbs
Terminological dictionary (in the field of science – medical, technical, etc.)
Frequency dictionary
Dictionary of neologisms
Dictionary of loan words
Dictionary of obsolete words
Dictionary of abbreviations
Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language (it will help to build Russian words from those that you know, your vocabulary will increase many times)
Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language
Dictionary of foreign words in the Russian language
Dictionary of homonyms
Dictionary of paronyms
Pronouncing dictionary
Dialect dictionary
Dictionary of A.S. Pushkin (and other Russian writers)
There are also many short dictionaries of the types presented above for school learners.
ГЛАВА 1
«Вхождение в русский язык»
CHAPTER 1. «Entering the Russian language»
1.1. Вводно-фонетический курс (алфавит,
группы букв и звуков, слоги на различение звуков;
правила чтения; об орфоэпии, скороговорки)
1.1. Introductory course of phonetics (alphabet, groups
of letters and sounds, syllables to practice distinguishing sounds; reading rules; about orthoepy, tongue twisters)
РУССКИЙ АЛФАВИТ RUSSIAN ALPHABET
Таблица 1
А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж
а бэ вэ гэ дэ е ё жэ
З И Й К Л М Н О
зэ и и краткое ка эль эм эн о
П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц
пэ эр эс тэ у эф ха цэ
Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь
че ша ща твёрдый знак ы мягкий знак
Э Ю Я
э ю я
Знаки Ъ и Ь не произносятся. Но влияют на смысл слова.
The signs Ъ and Ь are not pronounced. But they influence the meaning of the word.
Русский алфавит с рекомендуемой