1.4 Модуль 4. Текст Prison. Types of prisons
1.4.1 Прочитайте и переведите текст.
1.4.2 Ответьте на вопросы:
1) Why are some people kept in prisons?
2) Which penalty is more effective – an imprisonment or a fine?
3) Who should be sentenced to a life imprisonment?
A prison is a place in which people are physically confined and deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Prisons are conventional institutions which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime.
A criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be charged with criminal offense may be held on remand in prison if he is denied or unable to meet conditions of bail, or is unable or unwilling to post bail. A criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial verdict. If found guilty, a defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment.
As well as convicted or suspected criminals, prisons may be used for internment of those not charged with a crime. Prisons may also be used as a tool of political repression to detain political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and “enemies of the state”, particularly by authoritarian regimes. In times of war or conflict, prisoners of war may also be detained in prisons.
A prison system is the organizational arrangement of the provision and operation of prisons, and depending on their nature, may invoke a corrections system. Although people have been imprisoned throughout history, they have also regularly been able to perform prison escapes.
Male and female prisoners are typically kept in separate locations or separate prisons altogether. Prison accommodation, especially modern prisons in the developed world, are often divided into wings. A building holding more than one wing is known as a “hall”. Many prisons are divided into two sections, one containing prisoners before trial and the other containing convicted prisoners. Amongst the facilities that prisons may have are:
• A main entrance, which may be known as the “gatelodge” or “sally port.”
• A religious facility, which will often house chaplaincy offices and facilities for counselling of individuals or groups.
• An “education facility”, often including a library, providing adult education or continuing education opportunities.
• A gym or an exercise yard, a fenced, usually open-air-area which prisoners may use for recreational and exercise purposes.
• A healthcare facility or hospital.
• A segregation unit (also called a 'block' or “isolation cell”), used to separate unruly, dangerous, or vulnerable prisoners from the general population, also sometimes used as punishment (see solitary confinement).
• A section of vulnerable prisoners (VPs), or protective custody (PC) units, used to accommodate prisoners classified as vulnerable, such as sex offenders, former police officers, informants, and those that have gotten into debt or trouble with other prisoners.
• A section of safe cells, used to keep prisoners under constant visual observation, for example when considered at risk of suicide.
• A visiting area, where prisoners may be allowed restricted contact with relatives, friends, lawyers, or other people.
• A death row in some prisons, a section for criminals awaiting execution.
• A staff accommodation area, where staff and corrections officers live in the prison, typical of historical prisons.
• A service/facilities area housing support facilities like kitchens.
• Industrial or agricultural plants operated with convict labor.
• A recreational area containing a TV and pool table.
Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers, concertina wire, electrified fencing, secured and defensible main gates, armed guard towers, lighting, motion sensors, dogs, and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security. Remotely controlled doors, CCTV monitoring, alarms, cages, restraints, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility.
Juvenile prisons: prisons for juveniles (people under 17 or 18, depending on the jurisdiction) are known as young offender institutes or similar designation and hold minors who have been remanded into custody or serving sentence. Many countries have their own age of criminal responsibility in which children are deemed legally responsible for their actions for a crime.
Military prisons: these prisons form part of military systems, and are used variously to house prisoners of war, unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime.
Political prisons: certain countries maintain or have in the past had a system of political prisons; arguably the gulags associated with Stalinism are best known. The definition of what is and is not a political crime and a political prison is, of course, highly controversial.
Psychiatric prisons: some psychiatric facilities have characteristics of prisons, especially when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. In addition, many prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of mental disorders.
1.4.3 Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык:
1.4.4 Прочитайте следующие утверждения и укажите, являются ли они верными:
1) Prisons are conventional institutions which form part of the administrative justice system of a country.
2) A criminal defendant may not be held in prison while awaiting a trial verdict.
3) Prisons may not be used for internment of those not charged with a crime.
4) Male and female prisoners are typically kept in separate prisons.
5) Prison accommodation is often divided into wings.
6) All prisons have a remotely controlled doors, CCTV monitoring, alarms, cages, restraints, nonlethal and lethal weapons.
7) Minor offenders’ prisons hold minors who have been remanded into custody or serving sentence.
8) Military prisons form part of criminal system, and are used variously to house prisoners of war.
9) Some psychiatric facilities have characteristics of prisons, confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous.
10) All prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of mental disorders.
1.4.5 Переведите текст со словарем.
1.4.6 Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту.
1.4.7 Выберите ключевые предложения, перескажите текст, используя выражения: «The subject of the text is…», «The text deals…», «The main idea of the text is…», «The author comments on …».
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