80
Leonard Lyons, «Loose-Leaf Notebook», Washington Post, January 20, 1947.
81
«Der Krieg? Ich kann das nicht so schrecklich finden! Der Tod eines Menschen: das ist eine Katastrophe. Hunderttausend Tote: das ist eine Statistik!» Kurt Tucholsky, «Französische Witze (I)» и «Noch einmal französische Witze (II)», Vossische Zeitung, August 23, 1925; September 10, 1925. Колонки перепечатаны в кн.: Tucholsky, K. Lerne lachen ohne zu weinen (Berlin: Ernst Rowohlt, 1932), pp. 147–156.
82
Eliezer Yudkowsky, «Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgement of Global Risks», in Global Catastrophic Risks, ed. Nick Bostrom and Milan Сirkoviс (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 114.
83
Pasquale Cirillo and Nassim Nicholas Taleb, «Tail Risk of Contagious Diseases» (препринт, 2020); Lee Mordechai, Merle Eisenberg, Timothy P. Newfield, Adam Izdebski, Janet E. Kay, and Hendrik Poinar, «The Justinianic Plague: An Inconsequential Pandemic?» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (henceforth PNAS) 116, no. 51 (2019), pp. 25546-25554, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903797116.
84
Достойное обсуждение вклада Ричардсона: Brian Hayes, «Statistics of Deadly Quarrels», American Scientist 90 (January – February 2002), pp. 10–15.
85
Классические труды: Lewis F. Richardson, Statistics of Deadly Quarrels, ed. Quincy Wright and C. C. Lienau (Pittsburgh: Boxwood Press, 1960); Jack S. Levy, War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495–1975 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1983). Из более современных важных публикаций: Pasquale Cirillo and Nassim Nicholas Taleb, «On the Statistical Properties and Tail Risk of Violent Conflicts», Tail Risk Working Papers (2015), arXiv:1505.04722v2; Cirillo and Taleb, «The Decline of Violent Conflicts: What Do the Data Really Say?», в кн.: The Causes of Peace: What We Know Now, ed. Asle Toje and Bård Nikolas Vik Steen (Austin: Lioncrest, 2020), pp. 51–77; Bear F. Braumoeller, Only the Dead: The Persistence of War in the Modern Age (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019); Aaron Clauset, «On the Frequency and Severity of Interstate Wars», в кн.: Lewis Fry Richardson: His Intellectual Legacy and Influence in the Social Sciences (Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice, vol. 27), ed. Nils Gleditsch (Berlin: Springer, 2020), pp. 113–127.
86
Cirillo and Taleb, «Statistical Properties.»
87
Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Критику воззрений Кросби на Колумбов обмен с акцентом на том, как влияли эксплуатация и порабощение на смертность коренного населения, см.: David S. Jones, «Virgin Soils Revisited», William and Mary Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2003), pp. 703–742. См. также: Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.)
88
Всестороннее обсуждение в кн.: Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: History’s Age of Hatred (London: Penguin Press, 2006), appendix, pp. 647–654.
89
Hayes, «Statistics of Deadly Quarrels», p. 12.
90
Robert J. Barro, «Rare Disasters and Asset Markets in the Twentieth Century», Quarterly Journal of Economics 121, no. 3 (2006): 823–866, table 1.
91
Причина столь серьезного спада в 1629 году неочевидна: да, война с Испанией шла плохо, но главным театром военных действий в тот год все же были Карибские острова. Специалистам в политической истории 1629 год известен прежде всего как начало 11-летнего «личного правления» Карла I при отсутствии парламента. (Прим. авт.)
92
John A. Eddy, «The Maunder Minimum», Science 192, no. 4245 (June 18, 1976), pp. 1189–1202. См. также: Stephanie Pain, «1709: The Year That Europe Froze», New Scientist, February 4, 2009, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942-100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze/.
93
Nicholas Dimsdale, Sally Hills, and Ryland Thomas, «The UK Recession in Context – What Do Three Centuries of Data Tell Us?» Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin (Q4 2010), pp. 277–291.
См. также: David Milliken and Andy Bruce, «Bank of England Sees Worst Slump in 300 Years as Coronavirus Bites», Reuters, May 6, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/ushealth-coronavirus-britain-boe/bankofengland-sees-worst-slumpin300-yearsascoronavirus-bites-idUSKBN22I3BV.
94
Gita Gopinath, «Reopening from the Great Lockdown: Uneven and Uncertain Recovery», IMFBlog, June 24, 2020, https://blogs.imf.org/2020/06/24/reopening-from-the-great-lockdown-uneven-and-uncertain-recovery/.
95
См. также: Leandro Prados de la Escosura, «Output per Head in Pre-Independence Africa: Quantitative Conjectures», Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Working Papers in Economic History (November 2012).
96
«Global Data», Fragile States Index, Fund for Peace, https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/.
97
Leandro Prados de la Escosura. «World Human Development: 1870–2007», EHES Working Paper No. 34 (January 2013).
98
Allison McCann, Jin Wu, and Josh Katz, «How the Coronavirus Compares with 100 Years of Deadly Events», New York Times, June 10, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/10/world/coronavirus-history.html. См. также: Jeremy Samuel Faust, Zhenqiu Lin, and Carlos del Rio, «Comparison of Estimated Excess Deaths in New York City During the COVID-19 and 1918 Influenza Pandemics», JAMA Network Open 3, no. 8 (2020), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2769236.
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Edgar Jones, «The Psychology of Protecting the UK Public Against External Threat: COVID-19 and the Blitz Compared», Lancet, August 27, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215–0366