Application security (Безопасность приложений) is the process of making apps more secure by finding, fixing, and enhancing the security of apps. Much of this happens during the development phase, but it includes tools and methods to protect apps once they are deployed. This is becoming more important as hackers increasingly target applications with their attacks [41]
Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (Специализированная интегральная схема) – a specialized integrated circuit for solving a specific problem [42].
Approximate string matching (Also fuzzy string searching.) (Нечеткое соответствие строк или приблизительное соответствие строк) – The technique of finding strings that match a pattern approximately (rather than exactly). The problem of approximate string matching is typically divided into two sub-problems: finding approximate substring matches inside a given string and finding dictionary strings that match the pattern approximately.
Approximation error (Ошибка аппроксимации) – The discrepancy between an exact value and some approximation to it.
Architectural description group (Architectural view, Архитектурная группа описаний) is a representation of the system as a whole in terms of a related set of interests.
Architectural frameworks (Архитектурный фреймворк) are high-level descriptions of an organization as a system; they capture the structure of its main components at varied levels, the interrelationships among these components, and the principles that guide their evolution [43].
Architecture of a computer (Архитектура вычислительной машины) is a conceptual structure of a computer that determines the processing of information and includes methods for converting information into data and the principles of interaction between hardware and software.
Architecture of a computing system (Архитектура вычислительной системы) is the configuration, composition and principles of interaction (including data exchange) of the elements of a computing system.
Architecture of a system (Архитектура системы) is the fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its elements, their relationships with each other and with the environment, as well as the principles that guide its design and evolution.
Archival Information Collection (AIC) (Архивный пакет информации (AIC))
“An Archival Information Package whose Content Information is an aggregation of other Archival Information Packages” The digital preservation function preserves the capability to regenerate the DIPs (Dissemination Information Packages) as needed over time. [44]
Archival Storage (Архивное хранилище) Archival Storage is a source for data that is not needed for an organization’s everyday operations, but may have to be accessed occasionally. By utilizing an archival storage, organizations can leverage to secondary sources, while still maintaining the protection of the data. Utilizing archival storage sources reduces primary storage costs required and allows an organization to maintain data that may be required for regulatory or other requirements. [45]
Area under curve (AUC) (Площадь под кривой) – The area under a curve between two points is calculated by performing the definite integral. In the context of a receiver operating characteristic for a binary classifier, the AUC represents the classifier’s accuracy [46].
Area Under the ROC curve (Площадь под кривой ROC) – is the probability that a classifier will be more confident that a randomly chosen positive example is actually positive than that a randomly chosen negative example is positive.
Argumentation framework (Структура аргументации или система аргументации) – A way to deal with contentious information and draw conclusions from it. In an abstract argumentation framework, entry-level information is a set of abstract arguments that, for instance, represent data or a proposition. Conflicts between arguments are represented by a binary relation on the set of arguments. []
Artifact (Артефакт) is one of many kinds of tangible by-products produced during the development of software. Some artifacts (e.g., use cases, class diagrams, and other Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, requirements and design documents) help describe the function, architecture, and design of software. Other artifacts are concerned with the process of development itself – such as project plans, business cases, and risk assessments. [47]
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) (Общий Искусственный Интеллект) – is a hypothetical type of AI that is completely analogous to the human mind and has self-awareness that can solve problems, learn and plan for the future.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Искусственный интеллект) – (machine intelligence) refers to systems that display intelligent behavior by analyzing their environment and taking actions – with some degree of autonomy – to achieve specific goals. AI-based systems can be purely software-based, acting in the virtual world (e.g., voice assistants, image analysis software, search engines, speech and face recognition systems) or AI can be embedded in hardware devices (e.g., advanced robots, autonomous cars, drones, or Internet of Things applications). The term AI was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956. [48]
Artificial Intelligence Automation Platforms (Платформы автоматизации искусственного интеллекта) – Platforms that enable the automation and scaling of production-ready AI. Artificial Intelligence Platforms involves the use of machines to perform the tasks that are performed by human beings. The platforms simulate the cognitive function that human minds perform such as problem-solving, learning, reasoning, social intelligence as well as general intelligence. Top Artificial Intelligence Platforms: Google AI Platform, TensorFlow, Microsoft Azure, Rainbird, Infosys Nia, Wipro HOLMES, Dialogflow, Premonition, Ayasdi, MindMeld, Meya, KAI, Vital A.I, Wit, Receptiviti, Watson Studio, Lumiata, Infrrd. [49].
Artificial intelligence engine (also AI engine, AIE) (Движок искусственного интеллекта) is an artificial intelligence engine, a hardware and software solution for increasing the speed and efficiency of artificial intelligence system tools.
Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps) is an emerging IT practice that applies artificial intelligence to IT operations to help organizations intelligently manage infrastructure, networks, and applications for performance,