Action model learning (Обучение модели действий) – An area of machine learning concerned with creation and modification of software agent’s knowledge about effects and preconditions of the actions that can be executed within its environment. This knowledge is usually represented in logic-based action description language and used as the input for automated planners [19].
Action selection (Выбор действия) — A way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems: what to do next. In artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science, “the action selection problem” is typically associated with intelligent agents and animats – artificial systems that exhibit complex behaviour in an agent environment [20].
Activation function (Функция активации нейрона) – In the context of Artificial Neural Networks, a function that takes in the weighted sum of all of the inputs from the previous layer and generates an output value to ignite the next layer [21].
Active Learning/Active Learning Strategy (Активное обучение/ Стратегия активного обучения) – is a special case of Semi-Supervised Machine Learning in which a learning agent is able to interactively query an oracle (usually, a human annotator) to obtain labels at new data points. A training approach in which the algorithm chooses some of the data it learns from. Active learning is particularly valuable when labeled examples are scarce or expensive to obtain. Instead of blindly seeking a diverse range of labeled examples, an active learning algorithm selectively seeks the particular range of examples it needs for learning.
Adam optimization algorithm (Алгоритм оптимизации Адам) – it is an extension of stochastic gradient descent which has recently gained wide acceptance for deep learning applications in computer vision and natural language processing [22].
Adaptive algorithm (Адаптивный алгоритм) – An algorithm that changes its behavior at the time it is run, based on a priori defined reward mechanism or criterion [23].
Adaptive Gradient Algorithm (AdaGrad) (Адаптивный градиентный алгоритм) – A sophisticated gradient descent algorithm that rescales the gradients of each parameter, effectively giving each parameter an independent learning rate [24].
Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) (Also adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system.) (Адаптивная система нейро-нечеткого вывода) – A kind of artificial neural network that is based on Takagi – Sugeno fuzzy inference system. The technique was developed in the early 1990s. Since it integrates both neural networks and fuzzy logic principles, it has potential to capture the benefits of both in a single framework. Its inference system corresponds to a set of fuzzy IF – THEN rules that have learning capability to approximate nonlinear functions. Hence, ANFIS is considered to be a universal estimator. For using the ANFIS in a more efficient and optimal way, one can use the best parameters obtained by genetic algorithm [25].
Adaptive system (Адаптивная система) is a system that automatically changes the data of its functioning algorithm and (sometimes) its structure in order to maintain or achieve an optimal state when external conditions change.
Additive technologies (Аддитивные технологии) are technologies for the layer-by-layer creation of three-dimensional objects based on their digital models (“twins”), which make it possible to manufacture products of complex geometric shapes and profiles.
Admissible heuristic (Допустимая эвристика) – In computer science, specifically in algorithms related to pathfinding, a heuristic function is said to be admissible if it never overestimates the cost of reaching the goal, i.e., the cost it estimates to reach the goal is not higher than the lowest possible cost from the current point in the path.
Affective computing (Also artificial emotional intelligence or emotion AI.) (Аффективные вычисления) – The study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects. Affective computing is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer science, psychology, and cognitive science [26].
Agent (Агент) – In reinforcement learning, the entity that uses a policy to maximize expected return gained from transitioning between states of the environment.
Agent architecture (Архитектура агента) – A blueprint for software agents and intelligent control systems, depicting the arrangement of components. The architectures implemented by intelligent agents are referred to as cognitive architectures [27].
Agglomerative clustering (See hierarchical clustering.) (Агломеративная кластеризация) – Agglomerative clustering first assigns every example to its own cluster, and iteratively merges the closest clusters to create a hierarchical tree.
Aggregate (Агрегат) A total created from smaller units. For instance, the population of a county is an aggregate of the populations of the cities, rural areas, etc., that comprise the county. To total data from smaller units into a large unit. [28]
Aggregator (Агрегатор) A feed aggregator is a type of software that brings together various types of Web content and provides it in an easily accessible list. Feed aggregators collect things like online articles from newspapers or digital publications, blog postings, videos, podcasts, etc. A feed aggregator is also known as a news aggregator, feed reader, content aggregator or an RSS reader. [29]
AI benchmark (Исходная отметка (Бенчмарк) ИИ) is an AI benchmark for evaluating the capabilities, efficiency, performance and for comparing ANNs, machine learning (ML) models, architectures and algorithms when solving various AI problems, special benchmarks are created and standardized, initial marks. For example, Benchmarking Graph Neural Networks – benchmarking (benchmarking) of graph neural networks (GNS, GNN) – usually includes installing a specific benchmark, loading initial datasets, testing ANNs, adding a new dataset and repeating iterations.
AI chipset market (Рынок чипсетов ИИ) is the market for chipsets for artificial intelligence (AI) systems.
AI acceleration (ИИ ускорение) – acceleration of calculations encountered with AI, specialized AI hardware accelerators are allocated for this purpose (see also artificial intelligence accelerator, hardware acceleration).
AI acceleration (Ускорение ИИ) is the acceleration of AI-related computations, for this purpose specialized AI hardware accelerators are used.
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