9 9. Eric Williams, 1944, 2021, Capitalism and Slavery, University of North Carolina Press.
10 10. Elsa Goveia, 1965, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century,Yale University Press.
11 11. Lowell Joseph Ragatz, 1928, The Fall of the Planter Class in the British Caribbean, 1763–1833,The Century Company.
12 12. Frank W. Pitman, 2017, The Development of the British West Indies, 1700–1763,Yale University Press.
13 13. George W. Roberts, 1957, The Population of Jamaica, Cambridge University Press.
14 14. M. G. Smith, 1965, ‘Some Aspects of Social Structure in the British Caribbean about 1820’, in his The Plural Society in the British West Indies, University of California Press.
15 15. U. B. Phillips, 1929, Life and Labor in the Old South, Little, Brown.
16 16. Charles Sydnor, 1933, Slavery in Mississippi, D. Appleton-Century.
17 17. Kenneth Stampp, 1956, The Peculiar Institution, Knopf-Doubleday.
18 18. Frank Tannenbaum, 1946, Slave and Citizen, Alfred Knopf.
19 19. Herbert Klein, 1967, Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba, University of Chicago Press.
20 20. Stanley Elkins, 1959, Slavery, University of Chicago Press.
21 21. Ann J. Lane, 1971, The Debate Over Slavery, University of Illinois Press.I will have more to say below on just where Elkins erred.
22 22. W. E. B. DuBois, ‘The Study of the Negro Problems’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 11, 1898, cited in J. D. Smith, ‘A Different View of Slavery: Black Historians Attack the Proslavery Argument, 1890–1920’, Journal of Negro History, 1980, Vol. 65, No. 4.
23 23. The term comes from the Greek doulosis, meaning enslavement, derived from doulos, ‘slave’. I use the spelling ‘doulotic’ to distinguish it from the related term ‘dulotic’ used in social biology for a species of enslaving ants.
24 24. B. W. Higman, 1984, Slave Population of the British Caribbean, 1807–1838, Johns Hopkins University Press.
25 25. B. W. Higman, 1998, Montpelier, Jamaica: A Plantation Community in Slavery and Freedom, 1739–1912, University Press of the West Indies.
26 26. Richard S. Dunn, 2014, A Tale of Two Plantations: Slave Life and Labor in Jamaica and Virginia, Harvard University Press.
27 27. See Orlando Patterson, ‘Recent Studies on Caribbean Slavery and the Slave Trade’, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1982. For my more detailed critique of Higman’s interpretation of the slave family, see my paper: ‘Persistence, Continuity, and Change in the Jamaican Working-Class Family’, Journal of Family History,Vol. 7, No. 2, 1982, pp. 135–61.
28 28. Trevor Burnard, 2004, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire: Thomas Thistlewood and his Slaves in the Anglo Jamaican World, University of North Carolina Press.
29 29. It is interesting that, fifteen years before Burnard’s academic blockbuster, the Jamaican historian Douglas Hall had produced a valuable edited version of Thistlewood’s diary, noted earlier: In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750–86, Macmillan Press. Given the explosive nature of the subject and its implications for the study of Jamaican slavery, and slavery in general, Hall’s understated editing may have prevented his work from reaching a wider audience. In a later study Hall’s detachment from Thistlewood’s gross inhumanities may have been taken too far in his admiring discussion of the enslaver’s botanic and gardening interests, occasionally referring respectfully to him as ‘Mr Thistlewood’. It was a bit odd, like writing about the Marquis de Sade’s curious reflections on the literary merits of Matthew ‘Monk’ Lewis’ gothic writings without ever mentioning the fact that he was, well, a sadist. See Douglas Hall, 2001, ‘Planters, Farmers and Gardeners in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica,’ in B. Moore, B. W. Higman, C. Campbell and P. Bryan, eds, Slavery, Freedom and Gender: The Dynamics of Caribbean Society, University of the West Indies Press, pp. 97–114.
30 30. Justin Roberts, 2018, Slavery and the Enlightenment in the British Atlantic, 1750–1807, Cambridge University Press.
31 31. For an assessment, see Hilary Beckles, ‘Sex and Gender in the Historiography of Caribbean Slavery’, in Verene Shepherd, Bridget Brereton, Barbara Bailey, eds, 1995. Engendering History: Caribbean Women in Historical Perspective, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 111–24. Although primarily on Barbados, his work on enslaved women in that island has important comparative relevance to Jamaica: Beckles, 1989, Natural Rebels: A Social History of Enslaved Black Women in Barbados, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press; See also, Marietta Morrissey, 1989, Slave Women in the New World: Gender Stratification in the Caribbean, University Press of Kansas; Diana Paton and Pamela Scully, ‘Introduction: Gender and Slave Emancipation in Comparative Perspective’ in Pamela Scully and Diana Paton, eds, Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World, Durham, N.C., 2005, pp. 1–34; Barbara Bush, 1990, Slave Women in Caribbean Society, Indiana University Press.
32 32. See The Sociology of Slavery, pp. 61, 106–12, 157.
33 33. Lucille Mathurin Mair was the pioneer of gender studies of Jamaican and West Indian slavery, on which see her very influential 1974 dissertation, eventually published in 2006 as A Historical Study of Women in Jamaica, 1655–844, University of the West Indies Press. Mair drew on The Sociology of Slavery in her interesting theory that gender attitudes and the disproportionate use of women in the fields may have retarded technological development on Jamaican slave plantations. See her chapter: ‘Women Field Workers in Jamaica during Slavery’, in B. Moore, B. W. Higman, C. Campbell and P. Bryan, Slavery, Freedom and Gender: The Dynamics of Caribbean Society, 2001, pp. 184–5.See also Diana Paton, 2004, No Bond but the Law: Punishment, Race, and Gender in Jamaican State Formation, Duke University Press. See also Pamela Scully and Diana Paton, eds, 2005, Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World, Duke University Press; Marietta Morrissey, 1986, ‘Women’s Work, Family Formation, and Reproduction among Caribbean Slaves’, Review, Winter, 1986, Vol. 9, No. 3; Sasha Turner, 2019, Contested Bodies: Pregnancy, Childrearing, and Slavery in Jamaica, University of Pennsylvania Press; Barbara Bush, 1990, Slave Women in Caribbean Society, 1650–1838, Heinemann Publishers; Verene Shepherd, op. cit., p. 2002.
34 34. Kathleen Wilson, 2003, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth Century, Routledge.
35 35. Katie Donington, 2020, The Bonds of Family: Slavery, Commerce and Culture in the British Atlantic World, Manchester University Press.
36 36. Diana Paton, 2001, ‘Punishment, Crime, and the Bodies of Slaves in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica’, Journal of Social History, Vol. 34, pp. 923–54; as well as her 2012, Obeah and Other Powers:The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
37 37. Rhoda Reddock, 1994, Women, Labour and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago. A History, Ian Randle.
38 38. Rhoda Reddock, 1985, ‘Women and Slavery in the Caribbean: A Feminist Perspective’, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 1, Latin American Colonial History, pp. 77, 78.
39 39. Randy M. Browne, 2017, Surviving Slavery in the British Caribbean, University of Pennsylvania Press.
40 40. Patricia Mohammed, 2000, ‘“But Most of All Mi Love Me Browning”: The Emergence in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Jamaica of the Mulatto Woman as the Desired’, Feminist Review,Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 22–48.
41 41. Kamala Kempadoo, 2004, Sexing the Caribbean: Gender, Race and Sexual Labor, Routledge.
42 42. Ibid.
43 43. Michael Craton and James Walvin, 1970, A Jamaican Plantation: The History of Worthy Park, 1670–1970, University of Toronto Press.
44 44. A few years later I conducted a questionnaire-based survey of Worthy Park with a research assistant, along with in-depth interviews of plantation workers, but never analysed the result. Soon after the survey I received a letter from Michael Craton asking me to leave his site alone and find another