9 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Definitions in sleep‐disordered breathingTable 15.2 Sleepiness in the patients with obesityTable 15.3 Symptoms of sleep‐disordered breathing
10 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Classification of overweight and obesity in adults and the cut‐of...Table 17.2 Benefits of 5–10% weight loss (Ref)Table 17.3 Goals of obesity managementTable 17.4 Treatment modalities for obesityTable 17.5 Practical approach to obesity treatment – clinical assessment and...Table 17.6 Essential elements for the management of overweight and obesityTable 17.A.1 Clinical history of a person with obesity – key pointsTable 17.A.2 Drug treatment which may be associated with weight gainTable 17.A.3 Measures that can be taken at home
11 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Recommendations and clinical guidelines for the management of obe...
12 Chapter 19Table 19.1 FDA‐approved anti‐obesity medications for chronic weight manageme...
13 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Studies showing the impact of exercise duration on weight loss re...Table 20.2 Studies showing the impact of exercise EE on weight loss response...
14 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Principles of prescribing in obesity [12,17].
15 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Results from a systematic review of reports of bariatric procedur...Table 22.2 Studies of survival benefits of weight loss surgery
16 Chapter 23Table 23.1 Commonly reported weight loss maintenance definitionsTable 23.2 Characteristics of successful weight loss maintainers
17 Chapter 24Table 24.1 Provider training organizations and education organizations invol...Table 24.2 Obesity Medicine Education Collaborative core domains and associa...
18 Chapter 27Table 27.1 Evidence‐based behaviorsTable 27.2 Likely but unproven benefit, low harm behaviorsTable 27.3 Treatment intensity and BMI reduction in randomized controlled tr...Table 27.4 Bariatric surgery eligibility critiera [88].
19 Chapter 28Table 28.1 Interventions recommended by WHO in 2013
20 Chapter 30Table 30.1 Types of taxesTable 30.2 The case of Mexico
21 Chapter 31Table 31.1 Criteria for a whole of systems approach, related systems dynamic...
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Obesity prevalences in different regions of the world. Data for m...Figure 1.2 The prevalences of obesity in men and women in cohorts with over ...Figure 1.3 The relationship between the prevalences of obesity and diabetes ...Figure 1.4 An illustration of the principal factors leading to the obesity e...Figure 1.5 The global burden of disease assessed in terms of disability‐adju...Figure 1.6 The McKinsey Global Institute’s economic analysis of the social b...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) among adults in...Figure 2.2 World map of the prevalence of adult obesity (age 20+ years) in 2...Figure 2.3 World map of the prevalence of childhood obesity in girls (a) and...Figure 2.4 World map of the prevalence of childhood obesity in girls (a) and...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Lifecourse view of noncommunicable disease risk.Figure 3.2 Associations of maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and gestational weight...Figure 3.3 Association of Mediterranean diet score in pregnancy with child B...Figure 3.4 Association of maternal number of cigarettes smoked per day and r...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Clinical response to leptin therapy in congenital leptin deficien...Figure 4.2 Changes in energy intake and expenditure in two children with con...Figure 4.3 Leptin therapy is associated with pulsatile gonadotropin secretio...Figure 4.4 Hypothalamic pathways regulating body weight.
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Ecological model of weight stigma.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Basic concepts in the Nutritional Geometry framework. (a) Dietary...Figure 6.2 Homeostatic regulation of dietary balance by insects. (a) Self‐se...Figure 6.3 Regulatory responses by free‐ranging Peruvian spider monkeys (Ate...Figure 6.4 Dietary macronutrient regulation in humans. (a) Data from the FAO...Figure 6.5 Response of human appetite systems to variation in dietary macron...Figure 6.6 Effect on protein leverage of increased protein requirements rela...Figure 6.7 Relationship between ultra‐processed food consumption and protein...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 General framework of living environments, energy‐related behavior...Figure 7.2 Difference between self‐defined neighborhood and buffer around re...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The obesity systems map [20]. Content is available under the Open...Figure 8.2 illustrates how tonic and episodic influences interact. Tonic exc...Figure 8.3 Satiety cascade [26] depicts the interplay between the homeostati...Figure 8.4 Model to explain overconsumption with highly palatable food [27]....
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Principles of energy balance within a schematic framework that de...Figure 9.2 Contribution of organ/tissues to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of a ...Figure 9.3 Components of energy expenditure contributing to voluntary and in...Figure 9.4 Hypothalamic circuits implicated in the control of food intake de...Figure 9.5 Neuropeptides implicated in coordinated effects on both energy in...Figure 9.6 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in various organs/tissu...Figure 9.7 Integrating energy intake and energy expenditure in an overview o...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Schematic representation of the mechanisms linking adipokines an...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The human white adipose tissue fat storing compartments are made...
12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of...Figure 13.2 Contributing factors linking MAFLD with MS. ER, endoplasmic reti...
13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD and ischemic stroke across quantiles...Figure 14.2 Associations between body mass index (kg/m2), HbA1c, and the ris...Figure 14.3 Associations of genetically predicted 1 kg/m2 increase in (a) bo...Figure 14.4 Redefining pathways to heart failure and renal disease in patien...Figure 14.5 Cumulative incidence rates during 9 years of follow‐up. (a) Macr...Figure 14.6 This figure summarises the wide range of evidence linking obesit...
14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 5‐minute tracing of a patient with typical severe obstructive sl...Figure