2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Relative abundance of elements in the Earth’s upper crust.Figure 2.2 Allotropic modifications of the element carbon.Figure 2.3 The four most important allotropic forms of the solid element car...Figure 2.4 Bonding hybridization and corresponding crystal structure of carb...Figure 2.5 CC bonds and the formation of hydrocarbons and extension to carb...Figure 2.6 Hydrogen content of various hydrocarbons and heat‐treated residue...Figure 2.7 Phase diagram of carbon.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Siemens‐Plania factory “Schwarze Bude” at Ratibor (1928) [19,20]....Figure 3.2 Manufacture of lampblack in China (wood engraving 2630 BC).
4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) Lattice of the cubic diamond and the hexagonal graphite cryst...Figure 5.2 X‐ray diffraction pattern of non‐graphitic and graphitic carbon m...Figure 5.3 (a) High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) bri...Figure 5.4 AFM image of graphite. The hexagonal carbon rings are visible and...Figure 5.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) picture of a flake natural gra...Figure 5.6 Classification of different forms of carbon according to IUPAC no...Figure 5.7 Gaseous, liquid, and solid pyrolysis and their products.Figure 5.8 Optical micrograph of carbonaceous mesophase from heated anthrace...Figure 5.9 Carbonaceous mesophase structure (a) and mechanism of growth by c...Figure 5.10 Reaction scheme for carbonization and graphitization.Figure 5.11 Structural development of a graphitizable carbon during heat tre...
5 Chapter 6-1-1Figure 6.1.1.1 Production scheme for synthetic carbon and graphite materials...Figure 6.1.1.2 Sources for petroleum and coal‐tar pitch coke.Figure 6.1.1.3 Optical micrographs of petroleum needle coke (a), an anode‐gr...Figure 6.1.1.4 Development of the needle coke CTE [Method, DIN 51909].Figure 6.1.1.5 Various coke types and their usages.Figure 6.1.1.6 Expansion of petroleum and coal‐tar pitch coke‐derived electr...Figure 6.1.1.7 Estimated petroleum and coal‐tar pitch needle coke capacities...Figure 6.1.1.8 World usage of pitch.Figure 6.1.1.9 Global coal‐tar production (CRU).
6 Chapter 6-1-2Figure 6.1.2.1 Area petroleum coke production 2013 and production increase p...Figure 6.1.2.2 Flow sheet of delayed coking. (a) Fractionator. (b) Furnace. ...Figure 6.1.2.3 Photograph of a refining delayed coker complex: furnace, coke...Figure 6.1.2.4 Product yields with thermal conversion processes.Figure 6.1.2.5 Relationship between plant operating conditions and plant yie...Figure 6.1.2.6 Flow sheet of fluid coking. (a) Reactor. (b) Scrubber. (c) Bu...Figure 6.1.2.7 Flow sheet of flexicoking. (a) Reactor. (b) Scrubber. (c) Hea...Figure 6.1.2.8 Schematic of the rotary kiln calciner. (a) Screen. (b) Crushe...Figure 6.1.2.9 Schematic of the rotary hearth calciner. (a) Feed bin. (b) Ro...Figure 6.1.2.10 Using of calcined petroleum coke 2014.Figure 6.1.2.11 World market profile for petroleum coke 2010.
7 Chapter 6-1-3Figure 6.1.3.1 Process flow of Koppers process.Figure 6.1.3.2 Process flow of delayed coking/calcining process. (a) delayed...Figure 6.1.3.3 Variation of the carbon and hydrogen ratio in production step...Figure 6.1.3.4 Changes in calcination ([19] extract). (a) changes of coke cr...
8 Chapter 6-1-4Figure 6.1.4.1Figure 6.1.4.1 Vein graphite crystals, 98% carbon.Figure 6.1.4.2 Graphite flakes, 96% carbon.Figure 6.1.4.3 Graphite family.Figure 6.1.4.4 Open‐pit (surface) mine for natural graphite.Figure 6.1.4.5 Graphite processing [2].Figure 6.1.4.6 Flotation cell.Figure 6.1.4.7 Natural graphite market.Figure 6.1.4.8 Natural graphite grades [7].
9 Chapter 6-1-5Figure 6.1.5.1 Gas chromatogram of a coke‐oven coal tar 22 mm glass capill. ...Figure 6.1.5.2 High‐pressureliquid chromatogram of coal‐tar pitch [3]. Nucle...Figure 6.1.5.3 Processing of coal tar [12].Figure 6.1.5.4 Continuous tar distillation with multiflash system (GfT/Koppe...Figure 6.1.5.5 Continuous tar distillation (Rütgers process). (a) Dehydratio...Figure 6.1.5.6 Direct cooling of coal‐tar pitch (Rütgers pencil‐pitch proces...Figure 6.1.5.7 Flow sheet of a coal‐tar primary distillation with integrated...Figure 6.1.5.8 Processing of liquid products from low‐temperature carbonizat...
10 Chapter 6-2Figure 6.2.1 Extrusion of a green electrode for electric arc furnace applica...Figure 6.2.2 Volume change during baking.Figure 6.2.3 Chamber of a ring furnace filled with green electrodes.Figure 6.2.4 Closed ring furnace (schematically). (a) Unloading chamber. (b)...Figure 6.2.5 Ring furnace, heating cycle [46].Figure 6.2.6 Loading of a car‐bottom furnace.Figure 6.2.7 Changing of interlayer spacing during graphitization.Figure 6.2.8 Temperature cycles