13 Chapter 6-5-3Table 6.5.3.1 Typical EAF slag composition.Table 6.5.3.2 Typical figures for an AC furnace with 600 mm electrodes.Table 6.5.3.3 Typical properties of GEs and its connecting pins.Table 6.5.3.4 Steel scrap in million mt for steelmaking in selected countries.
14 Chapter 6-5-5Table 6.5.5.1 Typical values of carbon electrodes.
15 Chapter 6-5-6Table 6.5.6.1 Typical properties of electrode pastes at ambient temperature [dat...
16 Chapter 6-5-7Table 6.5.7.1 Typical physical properties of impervious carbon and graphite mate...
17 Chapter 6-5-8Table 6.5.8.1 Applications of specialty graphites.Table 6.5.8.2 Fields of use for various carbon brushes.
18 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Use of carbon and graphite materials in selected primary battery syste...Table 7.2 Lithium graphite intercalation compounds.Table 7.3 Comparison of anode materials for Li‐ion batteries.Table 7.4 Survey of commercial bipolar plates for use in redox flow batteries.Table 7.5 Survey of typical material properties of carbon felts and RVC.Table 7.6 Selection of experimentally determined rate constants of electrochemic...Table 7.7 Use of carbon and graphite in selected fuel cell systems.Table 7.8 Properties of various commercial bipolar plates.Table 7.9 Typical properties of carbon fiber‐based gas diffusion layer backings ...Table 7.10 Selection of carbon materials used in MPLs and catalysts.Table 7.11 Carbon materials used in electrocatalysts for fuel cells.
19 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Typical reactions catalyzed by carbon‐supported catalysts.Table 8.2 Typical nanocarbon‐catalyzed reactions.Table 8.3 Kinetic parameters for hydrocarbon ODH reactions catalyzed by o‐CNTs a...
20 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Typical dimensions of crystal regions.Table 9.2 Gas‐phase applications and typical data of carbon‐based adsorbents.Table 9.3 Liquid‐phase applications and typical data of carbon‐based adsorbents.Table 9.4 Applications and characteristic data of activated carbon in catalysis.Table 9.5 Typical design data of adsorbers for adsorptive gas and water purifica...Table 9.6 Solvent recovery.Table 9.7 Effect of grain size on the service time of a respirator fitted with a...Table 9.8 Selected application fields for pressure‐swing processes for gas separ...Table 9.9 Commercial grades of impregnated activated carbon.Table 9.10 Regeneration of spent activated carbon.
21 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Crystallographic data of rubber blacks obtained by X‐ray diffraction.Table 10.2 Particle size distribution depending on the production process.Table 10.3 Electrical resistivity of carbon blacks.Table 10.4 Typical data of carbon black feedstock oils.Table 10.5 Summary of the manufacturing processes and feedstocks for the product...Table 10.6 Rubber blacks.Table 10.7 Processing data for high‐performance furnace black reactors.Table 10.8 Composition of the dried tail gas.Table 10.9 Special analytical test methods for carbon black.Table 10.10 Classification of rubber blacks according to ASTM D 1765.Table 10.11 Pigment blacks.
22 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Market share of carbon fibers depending on precursor type.Table 11.2 Comparison of reinforcing fibers for advanced composites.Table 11.3 Comparison of carbon fiber (HT‐type) and carbon fiber (HT‐type)/epoxy...Table 11.4 Required characteristics of precursor fibers for carbon fiber fabrica...Table 11.5 Carbon yield of precursor fibers for carbon fiber fabrication.Table 11.6 Typical chemical compositions of PAN‐based carbon fibers.Table 11.7 Typical physical properties of commercial carbon fibers.Table 11.8 Typical reversible thermal expansion of commercial carbon fibers.Table 11.9 Estimated capacities for pitch‐based carbon fiber (in tons/a).
23 Chapter 12-1Table 12.1.1 Comparison of carbon fiber with steel and with Kevlar and E glass f...Table 12.1.2 Typical design values of laminates.
24 Chapter 12-2Table 12.2.1 Characteristic properties ofhigh tenacity (HT type) and high‐modulu...Table 12.2.2 Characteristic properties of isotropic and anisotropic cellulose‐ a...Table 12.2.3 Characteristic properties of isotropic and anisotropic high‐modulus...Table 12.2.4 Mean free paths of CH4 and H2 as a function of temperature and pres...Table 12.2.5 Characteristic physical data for fabric‐reinforced CFRC with 3k (15...Table 12.2.6 Physical and mechanical data for 3D CFRC [4,98–113].Table 12.2.7 Coefficients of thermal expansion of different carbon fibers [119].Table 12.2.8 Coefficients of thermal expansion of different matrix systems.Table 12.2.9 Surface area (in m2/g) of CFRC after oxidative treatment (5% and 10...Table 12.2.10 Mechanical properties of fabric‐reinforced (2D) and UD reinforced ...
25 Chapter 12-3Table 12.3.1 Properties of industrially produced C/SiC materials based on 2D and...Table 12.3.2 Typical properties of MI‐derived C/C–SiC and C/SiC materials based ...Table 12.3.3 Properties of MI‐derived C/SiC materials based on short fibers comp...
26 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Rodent study reports by the governmental evaluation of CNTs.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Carbon materials and their market value.Figure 1.2 Development of the specific consumption of graphite electrodes.Figure 1.3 Graphite electrode producers and their production capacity (2018)...Figure 1.4 Blast furnace and EAF steel production.Figure 1.5 Graphite electrode. (a) Graphite electrode with crack in the join...Figure 1.6 Carbon electrodes with diameters up to 1400 mm.Figure 1.7 The demand for carbon electrodes.Figure 1.8 Carbon electrode producer and capacity. SGL: Since 2018 COBEX.Figure 1.9 Aluminum electrolysis cell.Figure 1.10 Cathode production by grade.Figure 1.11 Cathode producers and their capacity. SGL: Since 2018 COBEX.Figure 1.12 Increase in cell amperage over the last 70 years.Figure 1.13 Test assembling of a blast furnace lining.Figure 1.14 Hot metal production in blast furnaces.Figure 1.15 Blast furnace diameter.Figure 1.16 Silicon single crystal production.Figure 1.17 Demand for fine‐grained graphite.Figure 1.18 Fine‐grained graphite producer.Figure 1.19 Mechanical properties of carbon fibers.Figure 1.20 Carbon fiber fields of application.Figure 1.21 Carbon fiber demand and capacity.Figure 1.22 Carbon fiber producers and their estimated capacities.Figure 1.23 Energy and power density for different storage systems.Figure 1.24 Expected Li‐ion battery demand.Figure 1.25 Li‐ion anode material producer and their capacity.Figure 1.26 Fuel cell schematics.Figure 1.27 Fuel cell demand distribution by application.Figure 1.28 Gas diffusion layer production capacity.