200 Jonathon Culler, Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 76; and The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002), 137.
201 William Butler Yeats, Mythologies (London: Macmillan, 1959), 331.
202 Goldman, Living My Life, Vol. 2 (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1931), 706; Paul Avrich, The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2006), 170–171.
203 Daniel Tobin, “Modernism, Leftism, and the Spirit: The Poetry of Lola Ridge,” in Light in Hand: Selected Early Poems of Lola Ridge, ed. Daniel Tobin (Florence, MA: Quale Press, 2007), xxx.
204 Lola Ridge, “Reveille,” The Dial 66.791 (May 31, 1919).
205 See Colson, Petit lexique, 121–123 and 257–272 on what he calls “force plastique” and, after Deleuze, “the power of the outside.”
206 Lola Ridge, “The Song of Iron,” The Ghetto, and Other Poems (New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1918), 15, 17–18; John Donne, “Holy Sonnet XIV,” in Metaphysical Poetry: An Anthology, ed. Paul Negri (New York: Dover, 2002), 4.
207 Ridge, “Reveille.”
208 Conrad Aiken, “The Literary Abbozzo,” The Dial 66.782 (January 25, 1919): 83–84.
209 Nicholas Joost, Scofield Thayer and The Dial: An Illustrated History (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964), 10–11.
210 Giovanni Baldelli, “Épanchement,” Le Pied à l’étrier: poèms (Rodez: Éditions Subervie, 1969), 13–15.
211 Henry de Madaillan, “Introduction,” in Giovanni Baldelli, Quand l’aube se survit: poèmes (Rodez: Éditions Subervie, 1965), 7.
212 Jens Bjørneboe, “The Emigrant,” trans. Esther Greenleaf Mürer, 8 (web).
213 José Oiticica, “Aos companheiros de prisão [To the Comrades in Prison],” in O Anarquismo na escola, 307–308 (originally published in O Sindicalista, 1921; written in prison, 1918).
214 Miyamoto qtd. in Filler, Chaos From Order, 213, trans. Filler.
215 Oiticica, “Aos companheiros de prisão,” 8.
216 Yara Aun Khoury, “A Poesia Anarquista,” Revista Brasileira de História 8.15 (February 1988): 216.
217 de Cleyre, Selected Works, 50.
218 Ricardo Gonçalves, “Rebelião [Rebellion],” in O Anarquismo na escola, 57–59 (originally in A Plebe, 1917).
219 Augusto Boal, Theatre of the Oppressed, trans. Charles A. McBride and Maria-Odilia Leal McBride (New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1985), 122; Émile Pouget, La Conféderation Générale du Travail (Paris: M. Riviére, 1908), 59.
220 Basil Dahl (Joseph Bovshover), “To the Toilers,” Liberty 11.22 (March 7, 1896): 5; Edelstadt, “Shnel loyfn di reder [The Factory Wheels Run Fast],” trans. Helena Frank and Rose Pastor Stokes, in The Yiddish Song Book, ed. Jerry Silverman (New York: Stein and Day, 1983), 168.
221 Josefa M. R. Martínez, “Brindis [A Toast],” La Voz de la mujer: periódico comunista-anárquico, 1896–1897, ed. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1997), 44. Originally published in La Voz de la mujer, 1896.
222 Agraz qtd. in Steinbeiß, “‘Meine Verse sollen Bomben sein.’”
223 Edelstadt qtd. in Melech Epstein, Jewish Labor in the U.S.A.: An Industrial, Political, and Cultural History of the Jewish Labor Movement, 1882–1914 (New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1950), 288.
224 This is a dangerously inexact translation of a Spanish term that has more accurate cognates in Catalan (obrerisme), Italian (operaismo), and French (ouvrierisme), even though they came into circulation at different times. The Spanish word, as David D. Gilmore explains, can mean “worker culture,” “class cohesiveness,” “working-class ideology,” or simply “the common denominators of working-class life,” “laborers’ routine, style of life, and self-images” (The People of the Plain: Class and Community in Lower Andalusia [New York: Columbia University Press, 1980], 87); it names, in short, allegiance to a non-branded, non-sectarian politics articulated from the perspective of workers. However, the English term “workerism” is mainly used, in contemporary anarchist discourse, to denote a fetishism of the working classes and ultimately of toil as a good in itself—an ideal that many anarchists of earlier periods, laborers by necessity rather than choice, would have seen as perverse. Even in reaction to the Stalinist cult of work, Camillo Berneri criticized not “operaismo” per se but “operaiolatria,” i.e, “workerolatry,” the uncritical celebration of workers per se: see his L’Operaiolatria.
225 Morris U. Schappes, The Jews in the United States: A Pictorial History, 1654 to the Present (New York: Citadel Press, 1958), 136.
226 Percy Bysshe Shelley, Shelley’s Prose: Or, The Trumpet of a Prophecy, ed. David Lee Clark (London: Fourth Estate, 1988), 240; Goodman, Speaking and Language, 230.
227 Nelly Wolf, Le Roman de la démocratie (Saint-Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 2003), 23.
228 Salaün, Romancero libertario, 34–35.
229 Cf. Robert F. Barsky, “Bakhtin as Anarchist?: Language, Law and Creative Impulses in the Work of Mikhail Bakhtin and Rudolph Rocker,” South Atlantic Quarterly 97.3 (Summer 1968): 629.
230 Diane di Prima, Revolutionary Letters (San Francisco: Last Gasp, 2007), 164.
231 Victor Méric,