171 Serge Salaün, La poesía de la guerra de España (Madrid: Castalia, 1985), 34; Granier, Les briseurs de formules, 82; Eric Arthur Gordon, Anarchism in Brazil: Theory and Practice, 1890–1920 (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1979), 219; Rosemary Chapman, Henry Poulaille and Proletarian Literature: 1920–1939 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1992), 47.
172 Granier, Les Briseurs de formules, 84–85.
173 Kim Gyoung-Bog, Hangug anakijeum simunhag yeongu [A Study of Korean Anarchist Poetry] (Diss., Pusan National University, 1998).
174 Qtd. in Peter G. Zarrow, China in War and Revolution (New York: Routledge, 2005), 137.
175 Merle Goldman, Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 25; Dietrich Tschanz, “Where East and West Meet: Chinese Revolutionaries, French Orientalists, and Intercultural Theater in 1910s Paris,” Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies 4.1 (June 2007): 100.
176 Kim Gyoung-Bog, Hangug anakijeum simunhag yeongu.
177 Ibid. Gang Hyejin, Kwon Ku-hyeon si yeongu: anakijeumgwaui gwanlyeonseong-eul jungsim-eulo (MA Thesis, Yeungnam University, 2010), (Gang Hyejin notes that the Korean anarchist poet Kwon Ku-hyeon used “the traditional form of poetry and folk songs.”)
178 Libertaire Group, A Short History of the Anarchist Movement in Japan (Tokyo: Idea Pub. House, 1979),107; Helene Bowen Raddeker, Treacherous Women of Imperial Japan: Patriarchal Fictions, Patricidal Fantasies (London: Routledge, 1997), 42, 86.
179 E. Patricia Tsurumi, “Feminism and Anarchism in Japan: The Case of Takamure Itsue, 1894–1964,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 17.2 (April–June 1985): 5; Maeda Ai, “From Communal Performance to Solitary Reading: The Rise of the Modern Japanese Reader,” in Text and the City, trans. James A Fujii (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), 224.
180 Pik-chong Agnes Wong Chan, Liu Shifu (1884–1915): A Chinese Anarchist and the Radicalization of Chinese Thought (Diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1979), 66.
181 T.S. Eliot, Selected Prose of T.S. Eliot, ed. Frank Kermode (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 81–86; Ret Marut, trans. Michael L. Baumann, qtd. in Michael L. Baumann, B. Traven: An Introduction (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1976), 100.
182 Thomas Hastie Bell, “On Freedom and Bolshevism: A Letter by T.H. Bell to Charles Erskine Scott Wood,” Freedom 1.1 (Jan. 1, 1933): 8. The term “philosophical anarchist” generally denotes an embrace of anarchist ideas without a corresponding anarchist practice beyond the conduct of one’s personal life.
183 Interestingly, apart from a few early appreciations—e.g., among participants in New York’s Ferrer Center (1911–1914), such as the American anarchist James Huneker (1857–1921), who had included him in his Egoists: A Book of Supermen (New York: Scribner, 1909)—William Blake seems to have joined this “canon” very belatedly, in the late-twentieth century, well after his rediscovery by early-twentieth century modernists like Yeats.
184 Gustav Landauer qtd. in Ben Hecht, A Child of the Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), 306; Leonard D. Abbott, “The Anarchist Side of Walt Whitman,” The Libertarian 2.5 (March 1926): 232.
185 Charles J. Stivale, “Louise Michel’s Poetry of Existence and Revolt,” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 5.1 (Spring 1986): 41; Julian Levinson, Exiles on Main Street: Jewish American Writers and American Literary Culture (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), 128; Anonymous, note to Heinrich Heine, “The Weavers,” Liberty 5.10 (Dec. 17, 1887): 1; Michael Schwab, “Autobiography of Michael Schwab”, in The Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: Monad Press, 1977), 111.
186 Joseph Harrington, Poetry and the Public: The Social Form of Modern U.S. Poetics (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2002), 106.
187 Louis Untermeyer, The New Era in American Poetry (New York: H. Holt, 1919), 235.
188 Charles Erskine Scott Wood, “This—Our World,” in An Anthology of Revolutionary Poetry, ed. Marcus Graham (New York: Active Press, 1929), 288.
189 Theodor W. Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections From Damaged Life, trans. E.F.N. Jephcott (London: Verso, 1978), 247.
190 Landauer, Revolution, 127–137; Rothen, “Littérature.”
191 Edgar Rodrigues, O Anarquismo na escola, no teatro, na poesia (Rio de Janeiro: Achiamé, 1992); Tereza Ventura, Nem Barbárie Nem Civilização! (São Paulo: Annablume, 2006), 18.
192 Georges Duveau, La Pensée ouvrière sur l’éducation pendant la Seconde République et le Second Empire (Paris: Domat-Montchrestien, 1948), 63–64.
193 Louise Michel, The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel, eds. and trans. Bullitt Lowry and Elizabeth Ellington Gunter (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1981), 16–17, 111–117; Salaün, Romancero libertario, 19–20; Read, The Philosophy of Modern Art (New York: World, 1953), 119.
194 Walter Fähnders, Anarchismus und Literatur (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1987), 98, 64.
195 Ferran Aisa, La cultura anarquista a Catalunya (Barcelona: Edicions de 1984, 2006), 264; Gonzalo Espino, La lira rebelde proletaria (Lima: TAREA, 1984), 34; Joseph Déjacque, Les Lazaréennes. Fables et chansons, poésies sociales (Nouvelle-Orléans: J. Lamarre, 1857); Rey, “Poesía popular libertaria,” 179.
196 Stéphane Mallarmé, Œuvres complètes, ed. Bernard Maréchal (Paris: Gallimard, 1998), 309; Archibald MacLeish, “Ars Poetica,” Poems, 1924–1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1933), 1.
197 Ventura, Nem Barbárie, 16; Daniel Armogathe, “Mythes et transcendance révolutionnaire dans la poésie de Louise Michel,” in À travers la vie et la mort: œuvre poétique, eds. Daniel Armogathe and Marion V. Piper (Paris: F. Maspero, 1982), 10.