98 J. Crowley, D. O’Driscoll, M. Murphy (eds), Atlas of the Irish revolution (Cork, 2017), 390.
99 Colonel John Duggan, A history of the Irish army (Dublin, 1991), 28, 35–6, 50–1, 55–6, 60–2. British forces had shot dead previous mayors of Limerick and Cork cities on the charge of sympathising with rebels.
100 Maurice Walsh, The news from Ireland: foreign correspondents and the Irish revolution (London, 2008).
101 NLI, Art Ó Briain papers, Ms8427/26; Ms8430/12, Michael Collins to Ó Briain, 17 Jan. 1921, forwarding a communication from de Valera.
102 This was Maurice Bourgeois, who was not personally unsympathetic to Irish aims. Art O’Brien (Art Ó Briain) kept watch on him whenever he was in London and reported to Collins about him in intelligence communiqués. These telegraphed memos between O’Brien and Collins can be found in the Art Ó Briain papers in the National Library of Ireland.
103 ‘France and Ireland’, Young Ireland, 10 Mar. 1920, 26 Mar., 30 Apr., 14 May 1921.
104 ‘France and Ireland’, Young Ireland, 5 Feb. 1921.
105 Michael Kennedy, ‘Michael MacWhite (1883–1958)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
106 Gerard Keown, First of the small nations, 177.
107 ‘France and Ireland’, Young Ireland, 4 February 1922.
108 NLI, Art Ó Briain papers, Ms8460/46.
109 Young Ireland, 16 Apr. 1921; NLI, Art Ó Briain papers, Ms8460/44, Ms8425/23; Donal McCracken (ed.), Ireland and South Africa in modern times (Durban, 1996), 49, 55–7.
110 Owen McGee, Arthur Griffith, 228, 236. Griffith suggested that this could be done by American towns adopting devastated Irish towns as twin cities, in a manner comparable to what was done in post-war Britain and France. Young Ireland, 2 Oct. 1920, p. 1.
111 Young Ireland, 8 Oct., 15 Oct. 1921. The first demonstration for Irish independence in Argentina was held on 20 Jun. 1920, although it took some time for this news to reach Dublin. Young Ireland, 4 Sep. 1920.
112 George Gavan Duffy revealed this in the Dáil debates of 8 June 1922, which can be found at https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/find/.
113 Young Ireland, 8 Oct. 1921 (book reviews).
114 Young Ireland, 2 Jul. 1921.
115 Some of the correspondence of Griffith’s appointees to Denmark (Sean O’Duinn and Gearoid O’Lochlain) and Italy (Donal McHales), as well as de Valera’s appointees to Spain (Máire Ní Bhriáin) and Germany (Nancy Wyse Power), can be found in the Art Ó Briain papers in the National Library of Ireland.
116 This included E.M. Aldborough, an Irish-born journalist in Austria, and Chatterton Hill, an academic in Geneva with close links to Germany. Some of their correspondence can be found in the Art Ó Briain papers in the National Library of Ireland.
117 Michael Kennedy, ‘Gerald Edward O’Kelly (1890–1968)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009). O’Kelly would remain in Irish diplomatic circles for many years.
118 Nationality, 23 Mar. 1918.
119 Gerard Keown, First of the small nations, 59–64.
120 B.P. Murphy, John Chartres (Dublin, 1995).
121 Colonel John Duggan, A history of the Irish army (Dublin, 1991), 65–7; Sean Boyne, Emmet Dalton (Dublin, 2015). By the autumn of 1921, O’Duffy’s status as the liaison officer for policing matters in Ulster was being mentioned frequently in the press because of his outspokenness. Young Ireland, 1 Oct. 1921.
122 John Duggan, A history of the Irish army, 70.
123 John Duggan, A history of the Irish army, 132, 329–30, ft.29.
124 Young Ireland, 1 Oct. 1921 (republished extract from the Toronto Star).
125 Michael Doorley, Irish-American diaspora nationalism, 140, 163.
126 Churchill Archives, Churchill papers, CHAR25/2, Hankey to Churchill, 4 July 1921.
127 Westminster Parliamentary Archives, Lloyd George papers, F25/1/19, Hankey to Lloyd George, 27 Sep. 1921. This item is numbered F25/1/19 but is filed at F25/2/19. The British cabinet’s reliance on old Irish Party networks is evidenced in John Turner, Lloyd George’s secretariat (Cambridge, 1980).
128 Westminster Parliamentary Archives, Lloyd George papers, F25/2/32, Tom Jones to Prime Minister, 14 Oct. 1921; NLI, Art Ó Briain papers, Ms8425/8 (copies of government reports on defence meetings).
129 A good illustration of this was John Horgan’s move at this time from being a sympathetic contributor to Studies to being the Irish correspondent for the Round Table, Chatham House’s journal of commonwealth affairs. Horgan also attempted to act as a champion of the legacy of the late John Redmond. J.J. Horgan, Parnell to Pearse (1949, 2nd ed., Dublin, 2009), biographical introduction.
130 Denis Rickett, M.C. Curthoys, ‘Baron Arthur Salter (1881–1975)’, Oxford dictionary