List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Pyrolysis processes for different biomass.Table 1.2 Types of reactors used in pyrolysis.Table 1.3 Biofuels as a result of chemical conversion of different chemicals and...Table 1.4 Historical process of bioethanol production.
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1(A) Ultrasound-assisted heterogeneously base catalyzed biodiesel synthe...Table 2.1(B) Ultrasound-assisted heterogeneously acid catalyzed biodiesel synthe...Table 2.1(C) Ultrasound-assisted immobilized enzyme catalysed biodiesel synthesi...Table 2.2 Hydrodynamic cavitation reactors assisted biodiesel synthesis case stu...
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Comparison of catalyst adopted for biodiesel production reported in li...Table 3.2 Acidity, surface area and liquid fraction yield by different catalytic...Table 3.3 Composition of different natural catalyst.Table 3.4 FTIR active modes for different catalysts.Table 3.5 Surface properties of various catalyst used in pyrolysis reaction.
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Advantages and limitations of open ponds and different types of photo-...Table 4.2 Various types of harvesting processes with their underlying principle,...
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Process conditions and results from co-liquefaction studies.
6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Bio-jet fuel properties and their impacts.Table 6.2 Physico-Chemical properties of bio-derived jet fuels in comparison to ...Table 6.3 Summary of the jet fuels production pathways.Table 6.4 Availability, pricing and the potential bio-jet production.Table 6.5 Bio-jet pathways under development [78].
7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Scenario of usage renewable energy resources [4].Table 7.2 List of a few internationally known ethanol manufacturers.Table 7.3 Types of feedstocks for bioethanol production.Table 7.4 Yield of ethanol by different yeast strains.Table 7.5 Yield of ethanol by different bacteria.
8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Summary of different types of thermochemical technology.Table 8.2 The treatment of biomass and its properties using thermochemical techn...Table 8.3 Effect of temperature on the pyrolytic end products.Table 8.4 Effect of catalysts on the pyrolytic end products.Table 8.5 Influence of heating rates on the pyrolytic end products.Table 8.6 Dependence of pyrolysis oil composition on foremost components of biom...Table 8.7 Advantages and disadvantages of different types of reactor [15, 145, 1...
9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 A few non-edible oil seeds, and their region of availability [48, 55-6...Table 9.2 Biochemical components of some non-edible seeds.Table 9.3 Proximate analysis of some non-edible seeds.Table 9.4 Ultimate analysis of some non-edible oil seeds.Table 9.5 Characteristic temperatures of different pyrolysis zone for some noned...Table 9.6 Fuel properties of pyrolytic oil of non-edible seeds.Table 9.7 Ultimate analysis and calorific value of pyrolysis oil of a few non-ed...Table 9.8 A few non-edible seed biomass with their pyrolysis operating condition...
10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Comparison of proximate and ultimate analysis of oil seed residues.Table 10.2 Comparison of physical properties of different bio-oils obtained from...Table 10.3 Distribution of chemical compounds of bio-oil obtained from thermal p...
11 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Pre-treatment methods for biomass before pyrolysis [73].Table 11.2 Effects of pyrolysis bioreactor on products formed [74].Table 11.3 Steps involved in the pyrolysis of biomass.Table 11.4 Pyrolysis: types and properties.Table 11.5 Various reactions that lead to HDO.Table 11.6 Different type of bioreactor used for bio-oil production [158].Table 11.7 Co-pyrolysis of microalgae biomass with different non-biomass substra...
12 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Elemental analysis.Table 12.2 Comparison of physicochemical propertiers of Caryota oil and diesel.Table 12.3 Comparison of liquid yield table.Table 12.4 Functional group using FTIR.Table 12.5 GCMS compounds.Table 12.6 Temperature range of feedstock weight loss.Table 12.7 Kinetics parameter by KAS method.Table 12.8 Kinetics parameter by OFW method.
13 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Tabulated properties of butanol and ethanol [22].
14 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Fuel analysis of diesel, BMDE15 and BEBDD10.Table 15.2 Properties of lubricating oil used in the experiment.Table 15.3 Different components of engine with materials details.Table 15.4 Details of the test set up.Table 15.5 Preliminary run hour at given load condition.Table 15.6 Endurance test for long run duration.Table 15.7 Different techniques and instruments used for measurement and analysi...Table 15.8 Weight of carbon deposits on the components.
15 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Properties of Calophyllum inophyllum oil.Table 16.2 Fatty Acid Compositions present in the CIB.Table 16.3 Uncertainties of the instruments used.Table 16.4 Engine specifications.Table 16.5 Performance and emission data for CI engine with CIME diesel blend.Table 16.6 Performance and emission data for CI engine with CIME diesel blend + ...Table 16.7 NLRM for performance parameter of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.8 Fit summary for BSFC of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.9 Fit summary for BSFC of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.10 ANOVA for BSFC of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.11 ANOVA for BTE of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.12 NLRM for emission parameter of CIB diesel blend + TBHQTable 16.13 Fit summaries for CO of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.14 Fit summaries for HC for CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.15 Fit summaries for NOx for CIB diesel blend + TBHQTable 16.16 Fit summaries for CO2 of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.17 ANOVA for CO of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.18 ANOVA for HC of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.19 ANOVA for NOx of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.20 ANOVA for CO2 of CIB diesel blend + TBHQ.Table 16.21 Neural network for performance parameters.Table 16.22 Neural network for emission parameters.Table 16.23 Comparison of the measured & predicted performance parameter using R...Table 16.24 Comparison of the measured & predicted performance CO and HC using R...Table 16.25 Comparison of the measured & predicted performance NOx and CO2 using...Table 16.26 Comparison of the measured & predicted performance parameter using A...Table 16.27 Comparison of the measured & predicted CO and HC parameter using ANN...Table 16.28 Comparison of the measured & predicted NOx and CO2 parameter using A...
16 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Physico-chemical properties of various biodiesel feedstocks.Table 17.2 Specifications of diesel engine apparatus.Table 17.3 List of instruments along with uncertainty and accuracy values.Table 17.4 Fatty acid compositions of mango seed methyl ester.Table 17.5 Properties of examined fuels.
17 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Engine parameters and levels.Table 18.2 Design matrix with measured responses.Table 18.3 S/N for responses.Table 18.4 ANOVA for the responses.Table 18.5 Decision matrix.Table 18.5.1 Weight allocated to each attribute.Table 18.5.2 Determining the decision matrix.Table 18.5.3 Normalizing the TOPSIS decision matrix.Table 18.5.4 TOPSIS Normalized matrix.Table 18.5.5 Determining the weighted normal matrix.Table 18.5.6 Figuring the positive ideal and negative ideal solution.Table 18.5.7 Determining the separation measures.Table 18.5.8 Determining the relative closeness coefficient.Table 18.5.9 Ranking the alternatives.Table 18.6 Relative closeness coefficient and ranks for different blends.Table 18.7 Design matrix.Table 18.7.1 Normalizing the experimental output responses:Table 18.7.1.1 For cost and RAM.Table 18.7.1.2 For screen size.Table 18.7.2 Normalized matrix (xi (k)).Table 18.7.3 Determining the deviation matrix:Table 18.7.4 Determining the Grey Relational Coefficient (GRC):Table 18.7.5 Determining the Grey Relational Grade (GRG):Table 18.8 Grey relational coefficient and grey relational grade.
18 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Fuel Properties