6 Part III: Understanding Solitude: Constructs, Processes, and Contexts 14 Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations Approach and Avoidance as Two Fundamental Systems Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations and Related Constructs Historical Roots of the Research on Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations Establishing and Maintaining Social Relationships as a Function of Social Motivations Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Processes of Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations The Origins and Development of Social Approach and Avoidance Motivation Across the Life Span Implications for Interventions Conclusions and Future Directions References 15 Ostracism and Solitude “I Want To Be Alone”: Self‐Ostracism/Being Alone. Summary References 16 The Possibilities of Aloneness and Solitude: Developing an Understanding Framed Through the Lens of Human Motivation and Needs Introduction Distinguishing Aloneness and Solitude Effects of Aloneness and Solitude The Role of Autonomy in Aloneness and Solitude Personality and Being Alone Authenticity in Solitude References 17 Getting Even Lonelier? Problematic Use of Media Loneliness as a Cause of Problematic Use of Media, and Mediating Factors Linking the Two Loneliness as an Outcome of Problematic Use of Media Vicious Bidirectional Cycle Between Loneliness and Problematic Use of Media Two Competing Theoretical Models to Explain the Bidirectional Cycle Buffers to Problematic Use of Media: Face‐to‐Face Interaction and Social Support Where Do We Go From Here? Conclusion References 18 New Media and Solitude: Implications for Peer Relations New Media and Solitude: Implications for Peer Relations Theoretical Overview Mobile Phone Use Social Networking Site Use Social Exclusion Cybervictimization Future Directions and Conclusions References 19 Alone Versus Together: Finding the Right Balance for Creativity References 20 Solitude as a Means to Obtaining Mental Rest in Skilled Athlete Populations Solitude as a Means to Obtaining Mental Rest in Skilled Athlete Populations Eccles and Kazmier’s (2019) Model of the Psychology of Rest in Athletes Conclusions References 21 From Shyness to Social Anxiety: Understanding Solitude in the Context of Immigration From Shyness to Social Anxiety: Understanding Solitude in the Context of Immigration References
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Part IV: Solitude, Health, and Psychopathology
22 Introversion, Solitude, and Happiness
Introversion, Solitude, and Happiness
References
23 Solitary and Social Aspects of Restoration in Nature
Restoration Studies Using Individuals and Small Groups as Participants
Private Spaces in Childhood and Adolescence
Restorative Experiences, Solitude, and Social Relationships in Natural Favorite Places
The Social Context of Restoration
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
24 Intentional Solitude and