Planting Flowers on the Eastern Embankment
Being visited by a Friend during Illness
On the way to Hangchow: Anchored on the River at Night
Stopping the Night at Jung-yang
The Hat given to the Poet by Li Chien
After getting Drunk, becoming Sober in the Night
Realizing the Futility of Life
Rising Late and Playing with A-ts'ui, aged Two
On a Box containing his own Works
Climbing the Terrace of Kuan-yin and looking at the City
Climbing the Ling Ying Terrace and looking North
Going to the Mountains with a little Dancing Girl, aged Fifteen
On hearing someone sing a Poem by Yüan Chēn
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Principal Chinese Dynasties
| Han, 206 B. C.–A. D. 220. Wei, 220–264. Chin, 265–419. [Northern Wei, ruled over the North of China, 386–532.] Liang, 502–556. | Sui, 589–618. T'ang, 618–905. Sung, 960–1278. Yüan [Mongols], 1260–1341. Ming, 1368–1640. Ch'ing [Manchus], 1644–1912. |
The Limitations of Chinese Literature
THE LIMITATIONS OF CHINESE LITERATURE
Those who wish to assure themselves that they will lose nothing by ignoring Chinese literature, often ask the question: "Have the Chinese a Homer, an Aeschylus, a Shakespeare or Tolstoy?" The answer must be that China has no epic and no dramatic literature of importance. The novel exists and has merits, but never became the instrument of great writers.
Her philosophic literature knows no mean between the traditionalism of Confucius and the nihilism of Chuang-tzŭ. In mind, as in body, the Chinese were for the most part torpid mainlanders. Their thoughts set out on no strange quests and adventures, just as their ships discovered no new continents. To most Europeans the momentary flash of Athenian questioning will seem worth more than all the centuries of Chinese assent.
Yet we must recognize that for thousands of years the Chinese maintained a level of rationality and tolerance that the West might well envy. They had no Index, no Inquisition, no Holy Wars. Superstition has indeed played its part among them; but it has never, as in Europe, been perpetually dominant. It follows from the limitations of Chinese thought that the literature of the country should excel in reflection rather than in speculation. That this is particularly true of its poetry will be gauged from the present volume. In the poems of Po Chü-i no close reasoning or philosophic subtlety will be discovered; but a power of candid reflection and self-analysis which has not been rivalled in the West.
Turning from thought to emotion, the most conspicuous feature of European poetry is its pre-occupation with love. This is apparent not only in actual "love-poems," but in all poetry where the personality of the writer is in any way obtruded. The poet tends to exhibit himself in a romantic light; in fact, to recommend himself as a lover.
The Chinese poet has a tendency different but analogous. He recommends himself not as a lover, but as a friend. He poses as a person of infinite leisure [which is what we should most like our friends to possess] and free from worldly ambitions [which constitute the greatest bars to friendship]. He would have us think of him as a boon companion, a great drinker of wine, who will not disgrace a social gathering by quitting it sober.
To the European poet the relation between man and woman is a thing of supreme importance and mystery. To the Chinese, it is something commonplace, obvious — a need of the body, not a satisfaction of the emotions. These he reserves entirely for friendship.
Accordingly we find that while our poets tend to lay stress on physical courage and other qualities which normal women admire, Po Chü-i is not ashamed to write such a poem as "Alarm at entering the Gorges." Our poets imagine themselves very much as Art has portrayed them — bare-headed and wild-eyed, with shirts unbuttoned at the neck as though they feared that a seizure of emotion might at any minute suffocate them. The Chinese poet introduces himself as a timid recluse, "Reading the Book of Changes at the Northern Window," playing chess with a Taoist priest, or practising caligraphy with an occasional visitor. If "With a Portrait of the Author" had been the rule in the Chinese book-market, it is in such occupations as these that he would be shown; a neat and tranquil figure compared with our lurid frontispieces.
It has been the habit of Europe to idealize love at the expense of friendship and so to place too heavy a burden on the relation