Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology was originated by Frank A. Patty with publication of the first single volume in 1948. In 1958, an updated and expanded second edition was published with his guidance. A second volume, Toxicology, was published in 1963. Frank Patty was a pioneer in industrial hygiene; he was a teacher, practitioner, and manager. In 1946, he served as the eighth president of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. To cap his professional career, he served as director of the Division of Industrial Hygiene for the General Motors Corporation.
At the request of Frank Patty, George and Florence Clayton took over editorship of the ever‐expanding Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology series for the Third Edition of Volume I, General Principles, published in 1978, and Volume II, Toxicology, published in 1981–1982. The First Edition of Volume III, Theory and Rationale of Industrial Hygiene Practice, edited by Lewis and Lester Cralley, was published in 1979, with its second edition published in 1984. The ten‐book, Fourth Edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, edited by George and Florence Clayton, was published in 1991–1994, and the Third Edition of Volume III, Theory and Rationale of Industrial Hygiene Practice, edited by Robert Harris, Lewis Cralley, and Lester Cralley, was published in 1994. With the agreement and support of George and Florence Clayton, and Lewis and Lester Cralley, Robert Harris edited the fifth edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene. Vernon Rose and I edited the sixth edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene with the permission of Robert Harris.
It is now my privilege and honor to follow them and Frank A. Patty as the editor of the seventh edition of the Industrial Hygiene volumes of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Each of the four volumes and the chapters in the seventh edition are a “stand alone.” Volume 1 covers Chemical Hazard Recognition, Volume 2 addresses Evaluation and Control of Chemical Hazards, Volume 3 considers aspects of Physical and Biological Agents, and Volume 4 considers Management and Specialty Areas of Practice. In addition, Volume 4 contains a complete index covering all four volumes.
Industrial hygiene has been dealt with very broadly in the past editions of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Chapters have been offered on sampling and analysis, exposure measurement and interpretation, absorption and elimination of toxic materials, instrument calibration, industrial noise, ionizing and nonionizing radiation, heat and cold stress, pressure, lighting, control of exposures, ergonomics, hazardous wastes, and other vital areas of practice. These traditional areas continue to be covered in this edition. Consistent with the past history of Patty's, new areas of industrial hygiene concerns and practices have been addressed: robotics, sensors, social media, nanomaterials, infectious diseases, dermal effects of chemical exposures, mathematical modeling, control banding, product stewardship, construction health and safety issues, cannabis, new energy production, health care work settings, emergency and disaster response, sustainability, and fire safety.
Although industrial hygiene has been practiced in one guise or another for centuries, the most systematic approaches and the most esoteric accomplishments have been made in the past 50 or 60 years – generally in the years since Frank Patty published his first book. This accelerated progress is due primarily to increased public awareness of occupational health and safety issues and need for environmental control as is evidenced by Occupational Safety and Health, Clean Air, and Clean Water legislation at both federal and state levels.
Industrial hygienists know that variability is the key to the measurement and interpretation of workers' exposures. If exposures did not vary, exposure assessment could be limited to a single measurement, the results of which could be acted upon, and the matter filed away as something of no further concern. We know, however, that exposures change, and change is characteristic of the science and practice of our profession as well. We must be alert to recognize new hazards, we must continue to evaluate new and changing stresses, and we must evaluate performance of exposure controls and from time to time upgrade them. These volumes represent the theory and practice of industrial hygiene as they are understood by their chapter authors at the time of their writing. But, as observed by the Greek philosopher Heracleitus about 2500 years ago, “There is nothing permanent except change.” Improvements and changes in theory and practice of industrial hygiene take place continuously and are generally reported in the professional literature. Industrial hygienists, the practitioners, the teachers, and the managers must stay abreast of the professional literature. Furthermore, when an industrial hygienist develops new knowledge, he/she has what almost amounts to an ethical obligation to share it with others in the profession.
One cannot ponder the rapid changes and advancements made in recent decades in science and technology, and in our own profession as well, without wondering at what the next two or three decades will bring. Developments in computer technology, information processing, and exchange and communications have greatly influenced workplaces and the general conduct of commerce and business in the past one or two decades. It has also changed the way we now practice the purposes of industrial hygiene. These changes have accelerated. The possibility for continuously monitoring and computer storage of exposures of individual workers is a reality. World population continues to increase geometrically and is expected to be about eight billion in the year 2025; with improvements in preventive health care, there will be an increasingly older population. Genetic engineering and highly effective pesticides are already improving yields of agricultural commodities; if all goes well in this area, feeding the expanding human population may not be a limiting factor. Globalization of manufacturing and commerce has reduced manufacturing employment in the United States and in Europe, and expanded opportunities for populations in some developing nations. The United States and other developed nations are on their way to becoming world centers of information and innovation.
How will all of this affect the future practice of industrial hygiene? In the Preface to the fourth edition of Patty's, George and Florence Clayton suggested that the future of industrial hygiene is limited only by the narrowness of vision of its practitioners.
I have relied extensively on the well‐written Preface by Robert Harris, Editor of the fifth edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene. In it I saw a sweeping, but still succinct, review not only of Patty's publications but also of the practice of industrial hygiene itself. His writing is as timely in 2021 as it was 20 years ago.
Occupational and environmental hygiene professionals must be aware of the changes likely to take place, and to develop strategies to assure the profession's full participation in protecting the health and safety of workers and the environment of both today and tomorrow. Our participation, locally, nationally, and globally, will continue to be greatly needed in the coming years.
Barbara Cohrssen
San Francisco, California
USEFUL EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile
1 meter = 3.281 feet
1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch
1 micrometer = 1/25,4000 inch = 40 micro inches = 10,000 Angstrom units
1 foot = 30.48 centimeters
1 inch = 25.40 millimeters
1 square kilometer = 0.3861 square mile (U.S.)
1 square foot = 0.0929 square meter
1 square inch = 6.452 square centimeters
1 square mile (U.S.) = 2,589,998 square meters = 640 acres
1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 4047 square meters
1 cubic meter = 35.315 cubic feet
1 cubic centimeter = 0.0610 cubic inch
1 cubic foot = 28.32 liters = 0.0283 cubic meter = 7.481 gallons (U.S.)
1 cubic inch = 16.39 cubic centimeters
1 U.S. gallon = 3,7853 liters = 231 cubic inches = 0.13368 cubic foot
1 liter = 0.9081 quart (dry), 1.057 quarts (U.S., liquid)
1 cubic foot of water = 62.43 pounds (4°C)
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