Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Техническая литература
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9783527674053
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1.26 Fuel cell schematics.

Schematic illustration of the fuel cell demand distribution by application.

      Graphite is an interesting candidate for systems for the storage of thermal energy. The thermal conductivity of fine‐dispersed graphite can be used in cooling and heating systems, for example, for the room conditioning of buildings or the storage of thermal energy. These systems are developed and tested currently. Latent heat storage systems have been commercially installed in air‐conditioning system for trucks.

Bar chart depicts the gas diffusion layer production capacity. Bar chart depicts the redox flow battery production.

Bar chart depicts the production capacities for redox flow batteries. Graph depicts the mechanical strength from carbon fibers to nanotubes.

      The demand for traditional carbon and graphite products will be further growing and stay the basic business for the carbon and graphite industry. Despite the age of these products, there is still room for scientific research and innovation. The economic growth drives the resources of raw material to the edge. This is also the case for the production of carbon and graphite. Natural graphite is on the European list of short raw materials. Good quality anode coke went short with the strong growth in the production of aluminum. Crude oil refinery exits in a market with regional overcapacities might shorten the availability of petroleum needle coke in the future. Legislative actions in Europe (REACH) will limit the use of coal‐tar pitch and petroleum pitch. The industry would appreciate if academia would turn parts of their recourses back to this field and would work jointly with industry on these issues.

      The debate about energy production, efficient use, and last but not least about CO2 release is impacting the human society globally. Lightweight construction with carbon fibers is a market with a huge potential to grow. Also in this field the close interaction between science and industry is necessary to solve open questions in materials science, production, and the development of alternative precursor and matrix systems.

      Energy storage for e‐mobility and stationary systems needs further research and innovation. The area of nanoforms of the element carbon remains at the very beginning of commercialization.

       Wilhelm Frohs1 and Hubert Jäger2

       1 SGL Carbon GmbH, Werner‐von‐Siemens‐Street 18, Meitingen 86405, Germany

       2 Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Lightweigth Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Hohlbein Street 3, Dresden, 01307, Germany

      The element carbon is the 6th element with the symbol C in the periodic table with the atomic mass of 12.0. Its neighbors are boron with the atomic number 5, a semimetal. On the left side follows nitrogen with the atomic number 7, a nonmetal like the elements carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

      Boron can exist in several allotropic forms. The most stable crystalline form is ß‐rhombohedral boron, a very hard substance with a melting point of 2349 K. Like carbon, boron forms covalent bonded molecular networks, an amorphous form of boron. Together with the incorporation of other elements, this creates the basis for the organoboron chemistry. The simplest representative is diborane (B2H6). The capability to form covalent bonds between each other and to other elements culminates with the element carbon in an unlimited diversity.

      Nitrogen is a diatomic gas with three bonds between each other. The extreme bonding strength (945 m kJ/mol) dominates the chemistry of nitrogen. It took until 1910 to produce ammonia from nitrogen in an industrial scale (Haber–Bosch synthesis), which was honored with Nobel Prizes in 1918 and 1932.