Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials. Группа авторов

10.1 Carbon Black in General 10.2 Physical Properties 10.3 Chemical Properties 10.4 Raw Materials 10.5 Production Processes 10.6 Oxidative Aftertreatment of Carbon Black 10.7 Environmental Aspects 10.8 Testing and Analysis 10.9 Storage and Transportation 10.10 Uses 10.11 Economic Aspects 10.12 Toxicology and Occupational Health Acknowledgment References Further Reading 11 Carbon Fibers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Raw Materials (Precursor Fibers) 11.3 Production 11.4 Properties 11.5 Uses 11.6 Economic Aspects References 12 Carbon Fiber Composites 12.1 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers* 12.2 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon* 12.3 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Composites References 13 Nanocarbons 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Definition of Nanocarbons 13.3 One‐Dimensional Fibrous Nanocarbons 13.4 Other Types of Carbon Nanotubes 13.5 Carbyne 13.6 Graphene Nanoribbons 13.7 The Preparation of Graphene Nanoribbons 13.8 Zero‐Dimensional Nanocarbons: Fullerenes 13.9 Safety and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes: “Design of Safe Nanomaterials” 13.10 Conclusions and Future Challenges References

      7  Index

      8  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Physical properties of carbon and its neighbor elements. G=Graphite, D...

      2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Milestones in the history of carbon material.

      3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Properties of diamond and graphite (single crystals) and synthetic gra...Table 5.2 Classification of natural graphite.

      4 Chapter 6-1-1Table 6.1.1.1 Typical coke data for various grades.Table 6.1.1.2 Typical pitch properties.

      5 Chapter 6-1-2Table 6.1.2.1 Refineries with petroleum coke production 2005.Table 6.1.2.2 Green coke qualities in relation to use.Table 6.1.2.3 Time allotted for different steps in typical 12 and 24 hours cokin...Table 6.1.2.4 Petroleum coke calciners [25].Table 6.1.2.5 World Production of Industrial Carbon 1994.Table 6.1.2.6 Typical range of needle coke types.

      6 Chapter 6-1-3Table 6.1.3.1 Production of pitch coke.Table 6.1.3.2 Dimension and operational capacity of typical Koppers coke oven.Table 6.1.3.3 Production of PC by the delayed coking process.Table 6.1.3.4 Variation of the carbon and hydrogen ratio in production steps of ...Table 6.1.3.5 Changes in calcination.Table 6.1.3.6 Physical properties of pitch coke.

      7 Chapter 6-1-4Table 6.1.4.1 Typical ash composition.

      8 Chapter 6-1-5Table 6.1.5.1 Properties and composition of various tars.Table 6.1.5.2 Properties of coke‐oven tars.Table 6.1.5.3 Important constituents of a typical coke‐oven coal tar.Table 6.1.5.4 Specifications of various electrode pitches from coal tar.Table 6.1.5.5 Specifications of various coal‐tar oils.

      9 Chapter 6-2Table 6.2.1 Comparison of open‐ and closed‐top ring furnaces [41,42].

      10 Chapter 6-4Table 6.4.1 Typical properties of carbon and graphite products (with grain) at a...Table 6.4.2 Typical thermal‐stress‐resistance factorR (W/m).

      11 Chapter 6-5-1Table 6.5.1.1 Voltage drop and anode quality.Table 6.5.1.2 Heat loss breakdown (400 kA cell).Table 6.5.1.3 Al production cost and anode performance.Table 6.5.1.4 Smelter technology and anodes.Table 6.5.1.5 Design data for 800 000 tpy Al.Table 6.5.1.6 Properties of green coke.Table 6.5.1.7 Properties of calcined coke.Table 6.5.1.8 Properties of anode butts.Table 6.5.1.9 Properties of coal tar pitch.Table 6.5.1.10 In‐plant testing.Table 6.5.1.11 Properties of baked anodes.

      12 Chapter