The Dirians 'occupied the territory lying between the upper extremity of Lake Nicaragua, the river Tipitapa, and the southern half of Lake Managua and the Pacific, whose principal towns were situated where now stand the cities of Granada, (then called Salteba,) Masaya, and Managua, and the villages of Tipitapa, Diriomo and Diriamba.' Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Groupés dans les localités encore connues de Liria, de Diriomé, de Diriamba, de Monbacho et de Lenderi, sur les hauteurs qui forment la base du volcan de Mazaya.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 111. 'Occupied Masaya, Managua, Tipitapa, Diriomo, and Diriamba.' Stout's Nicaragua, p. 114; Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. i., p. 287.
The Nagrandans. 'Entre les Dirias et la Choluteca était située la province des Mangnés ou Nagarandas (Torquemada dit que Nagarando est un mot de leur langue. Oviedo les appelle Nagrandas), dont les fertiles campagnes s'étendaient, au nord et à l'ouest du lac de Managua, jusqu'à la mer; on y admirait les cités florissantes de Chinandéga, de Chichigalpa, de Pozoltega, de Telica, de Subtiaba, de Nagarando, appelée aussi Xolotlan, de Matiares et une foule d'autres, réduites maintenant, pour la plupart, à de misérables bourgades.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 111–12. 'The Nagrandans occupied the plain of Leon between the northern extreme of Lake Managua and the Pacific.' Stout's Nicaragua, p. 114. 'An welche sich weiter nordwestwärts (the last mention was Dirians) die Bewohner der Gegend von Leon, welche Squier Nagrander nennt … anschlossen.' Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. i., p. 287. 'Chorotega tribe of the plains of Leon, Nicaragua.' Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 130; Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310.
The Niquirans 'settled in the district of Nicaragua, between the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean.' Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 134. 'Au centre du pays, sur le lac Nicaragua, appelé Cocibolca par les indigènes, vivaient les Niquirans.' Holinski, La Californie, p. 290. Ometepec. 'This island was occupied by the Niquirans.' Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 313; Boyle's Ride, vol. i., p. 74.
The Orotiñans occupied 'the country around the Gulf of Nicoya, and to the southward of Lake Nicaragua.' Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Am Golfe von Orotina oder Nicoya. … Unter den geographischen Namen im Lande der Orotiner stösst man auf den Vulkan Orosi, im jetzigen Costa Rica, während einer der Vulkane in der Kette der Maribios, bei Leon, also im Lande der Nagrander, Orota heisst.' Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. i., p. 287. 'Les Orotinas, voisins du golfe de Nicoya, dont les villes principales étaient Nicoya, Orotina, Cantren et Choroté.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 110. 'Settled the country south of Lake Nicaragua around the Gulf of Nicoya.' Stout's Nicaragua, p. 114.
MOSQUITO NATIONS.
The Mosquitos, as a subdivision of this group, inhabit the whole of Honduras, the eastern portion of Nicaragua, and all that part of the coast on the Caribbean Sea known as the Mosquito Coast.
The Xicaques 'exist in the district lying between the Rio Ulua and Rio Tinto. … It seems probable that the Xicaques were once much more widely diffused, extending over the plains of Olancho, and into the Department of Nueva Segovia, in Nicaragua.' Squier's Cent. Amer., p. 244. 'Se rencontrent principalement dans le département de Yoro … (some) à l'embouchure de la rivière Choloma, et le reste est dispersé dans les montagnes à l'ouest de la plaine de Sula. Dans le département de Yoro, ils sont répandus dans le pays depuis la rivière Sulaco jusqu'à la baie de Honduras.' Id., in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1858, tom. clx., pp. 133–4. Yoro department; 'Welche am oberen Lauf der Flüsse und in dem Berg- und Hügellande zwischen der Küste und dem Thale von Olancho wohnen.' Wappäus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 317.
The Poyas. 'In the triangle between the Tinto, the sea, and the Rio Wanks, or Segovia.' Squier's Cent. Amer., p. 244. 'Inhabit the Poyer mountains, beyond the Embarcadero on the Polyer River.' Young's Narrative, p. 80. 'Den westlichen Theil des Distrikts Taguzgalpa, zwischen den Flüssen Aguan und Barbo.' Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 389. 'Inhabit the heads of the Black and Patook rivers.' Bell, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 258.
The Towkas, 'bewohnen die südlichen Gegenden des Distrikts (Taguzgalpa) und das Gebirge.' Hassel, Mex. Guat., pp. 390–1. 'Their principal residence is at the head of Patook River.' Young's Narrative, p. 87. 'They dwell along the Twaka river which is a branch of the Prinz Awala.' Bell, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 258.
The 'Toonglas inhabit along the other branch of the same river.' Ib.
The Smoos 'inhabit the heads of all the rivers from Blewfields to Patook.' Id., p. 256.
The Cookras 'reside about one hundred and thirty miles from its mouth' (the Rio Escondido). Strangeways' Mosquito Shore, p. 30.
The Caribs 'now occupy the coast from the neighborhood of the port of Truxillo to Carataska Lagoon. … Their original seat was San Vincent, one of what are called the Leeward Islands, whence they were deported in a body, by the English, in 1798, and landed upon the then unoccupied island of Roatan, in the Bay of Honduras.' They afterwards removed to the main land 'in the vicinity of Truxillo, whence they have spread rapidly to the eastward. All along the coast, generally near the mouths of the various rivers with which it is fringed, they have their establishments or towns.' Bard's Waikna, p. 316. 'Now settled along the whole extent of coast from Cape Gracias à Dios to Belize.' Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 185. 'Dwell on the sea coast, their first town, Cape Town, being a few miles to the westward of Black River.' Young's Narrative, pp. 71, 122, 134. In Roatan: 'Die Volksmenge besteht aus Caraiben und Sambos, deren etwa 4,000 auf der Insel seyn sollen.' Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 386. 'Unter den Caraibendörfern sind zu nennen: Stanu Creek … unfern im S. von Belize und von da bis zur Südgrenze Settee, Lower Stanu Creek, Silver Creek, Seven Hills und Punta Gorda.' Wappäus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 300. See also: Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 154, 179; Morelet, Voyage, tom. ii., p. 289.
The Ramas extend from Greytown to Blewfields, a region 'uninhabited except by the scanty remnant of a tribe called Ramas.' 'Inhabit a small island at the southern extremity of Blewfields Lagoon; they are only a miserable remnant of a numerous tribe that formerly lived on the St. John's and other rivers in that neighbourhood. A great number of them still live at the head of the Rio Frio, which runs into the St. John's River at San Carlos Fort.' Bell, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxxii., pp. 242, 259. 'Rama Cay, in Blewfiels Lagoon. This small island is the refuge of a feeble remnant of the once powerful Rama tribe.' Pim and Seemann's Dottings, p. 278.
The Mosquitos inhabit 'the whole coast from Pearl Key Lagoon to Black River, and along the banks of the Wawa and Wanx, or Wanks Rivers for a great distance inland.' Bell, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 250. 'L'intérieur du pays est occupé par la nation sauvage et indomptable des Mosquitos-Sombos. Les côtes, surtout près le cap Gracias à Dios, sont habitées par une autre tribu d'Indiens que les navigateurs anglais ont appelés Mosquitos de la côte.' Malte-Brun, Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 472. 'An dem Ende dieser Provinz (Honduras), nahe bey dem Cap, Gratias-a-Dios, findet man die berühmte Nation der Mosquiten.' Delaporte, Reisen, tom. x., p. 404. 'Nearly the whole coast of Honduras; and their most numerous tribe exists near the Cape Gracios á Dios.' Bonnycastle's Span. Amer., vol. i., p. 172. 'Ocupan el terreno de mas de sesenta leguas, que corren desde la jurisdiccion de Comaniagua, hasta la de Costa-Rica.' Revista Mex., tom. i., p. 404. 'Die Sambo, oder eigentlichen Mosquitoindianer welche den