23 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Surface area of CNF synthesized from different parts of maize plant an...
2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Properties of different nanocomposites.
3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 XRD results for PAN-based carbon nanofibers.Table 5.2. XRD results for PAN-based carbon nanofibers.Table 5.3 The specific surface area of NiMo/CNF with various synthesis temperatu...
4 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Critical temperature (Tc) of some known superconductor element [5].Table 6.2 Some known superconducting compounds with critical temperatures. (Sour...Table 6.3 Organic superconductors with their critical temperatures. (Source: htt...
5 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Tap density of CNF (synthesized from cotton using different metals for...
6 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Heavy metal adsorption capacities of modified natural materials.Table 10.2 Heavy metal adsorption capacity of some agricultural and biological w...Table 10.3 Heavy metals adsorption capacity of modified biopolymers. (Source: Cr...Table 10.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the various physicochemical methods f...Table 10.5 Comparative data (Yield, Morphology, Diameter, Surface area) of diffe...
7 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Abbreviated periodic table of the elements.Table 12.2 Energy gap (eV) of some materials used for photovoltaic cells.Table 12.3 Properties of carbon allotropes [21].Table 12.4 Performance of various carbon-based photovoltaic cells.
8 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Cosmetics incorporating carbon-based products.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The formation angle between the carbon for sp, sp2 and sp3 configurat...Figure 1.2 SEM image of carbon fiber.Figure 1.3 (X) A sheet of graphite showing free edges A, which are reactive and ...Figure 1.4 SEM images of carbon fibers (CF) synthesized from camphor as precurso...Figure 1.5 Schematic illustration of (a) how single layer of graphene folds to m...Figure 1.6 (a) TEM image showing graphene layers of (b) entwined carbon nanofibe...Figure 1.7 Schematic illustration showing (a) the formation of bonds of carbon a...Figure 1.8 A sketch of a typical CVD unit. A1 and A2 are two furnaces operating ...Figure 1.9 (a) typical sketch of CVD unit with a spray system and (b) the aligne...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram of Tracheid, Tracheae and Xylem fiber.Figure 2.2 Schematic diagram of Sclerenchymatous fiber (left) in L.S. view and r...Figure 2.3 Schematic diagram of Phloem fiber.Figure 2.4 (a) Maize fiber and (b) maize fiber after pyrolysis as CNF.Figure 2.5 Characterization of CNF obtained by pyrolysis of plant stems (Courtes...Figure 2.6 XRD of CNF showing (002) plane of graphite (Hsieh et al., 2003).Figure 2.7 (a) Raman spectra of amorphous carbon film showing an overlapping wit...Figure 2.8 Characterization of CNF obtained by pyrolysis of plants seeds (Courte...Figure 2.9 Characterization of CNF obtained by pyrolysis of plant oils (Courtesy...Figure 2.10 CNF synthesized from oil of Linum usitatissimum by CVD method.Figure 2.11 CNF synthesized from seeds of Jackfruit and Rice straw by CVD method...Figure 2.12 CNF synthesized from chemical precursors: (a) Ethanol and (b) Acetyl...Figure 2.13 Schematic illustration of CNF and CNT.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Diagram of effect of intrinsic property on nanocatalyst. (Source: htt...Figure 3.2 Gold clusters with DPA dendron.Figure 3.3 Schematics showing formation of nano-sized particles of aluminum hydr...Figure 3.4 Different synthesis approaches available for the preparation of metal...Figure 3.5 The process of nanoparticle formation by plant extract. (Source: Diza...Figure 3.6 CNF of different morphologies: (a) Platelets, (b) Spiral platelets, (...Figure 3.7 TEM images of CNFs with (a & b) herringbone structure without hollow ...Figure 3.8 Schematic diagram of the electrospinning setup used for CNF fabricati...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 CNF synthesized from biogenic sources: (left) Sugar cane fiber bagass...Figure 4.2 CNF synthesized from chemical hydrocarbon sources: (left) Plastic and...Figure 4.3 Types of nanocomposites based on different polymers used.Figure 4.4 Polymer layered nanocomposite. (Source: Denault & Labrecque 2004).Figure 4.5 Molecular structure of starch.Figure 4.6 Molecular structure of cellulose.Figure 4.7 Molecular structure of collagen.Figure 4.8 Triple-helical structure of collagen.Figure 4.9 Molecular structure of chitosan.Figure 4.10 Molecular structure of gelatin.Figure 4.11 Molecular structure of fibrin.Figure 4.12 Molecular structure of alginic acid.Figure 4.13 Molecular structure of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA).Figure 4.14 Molecular structure of poly ethylene glycol (PEG).Figure 4.15 Molecular structure of poly caprolactone (PCL).Figure 4.16 Molecular structure of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).Figure