Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Farooq, Imran, 1984– editor. | Ali, Saqib, 1985– editor. | Anderson, Paul (Professor of oral biology), 1959– editor.
Title: An illustrated guide to oral histology / edited by Imran Farooq, Saqib Ali, Paul Anderson.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020038283 (print) | LCCN 2020038284 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119669449 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119669548 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119669609 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Mouth–anatomy & histology | Atlas
Classification: LCC QP146 (print) | LCC QP146 (ebook) | NLM WU 17 | DDC 612.3/1–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038283 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038284
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Imran Farooq
Preface
It gives us great pleasure to present our book that addresses problems with respect to the teaching and learning of oral histology. The idea to write a book focused on important details of oral histological features popped up around two years ago, when we felt there are many deficient areas in the present literature concerning the said topic. This book gives information about these features in a user‐friendly format. It contains high‐definition (HD) histological images of oral tissues with integrated text containing their introduction, key identifying histological features, and clinical significance. The textbook is intended for dental undergraduate and postgraduate students, license examination aspirants, and oral histology instructors. We strongly believe that the book will suit the needs of professionals in each of these disciplines.
We would like to mention here that we do not wish the present book to be a substitution of more general textbooks in oral histology. It is our belief that a good dental practitioner not only needs strong clinical skills, but also a solid understanding of basic sciences. Consequently, our book should be considered as providing the first step of the ladder in learning oral histology. This book is aimed at encouraging students to pursue a more exhaustive appreciation of the subject. To counter technology needs and in‐line with the digital age, a companion website for the book has also been developed.
Finally, we do not imagine ourselves to be error‐free, and would always be open to criticism. Your suggestions to improve the book are greatly appreciated.
Imran FarooqSaqib AliPaul Anderson
Sample Preparation
This atlas contains images obtained through hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining, micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), ground sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The steps for the preparation of samples and collection of images are as follows.
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) Stained Sections
The tissues were stored in 10% buffered formalin prior to their use. The hard tissue samples were decalcified in 8% formic acid. The tissues (hard and soft) were washed with distilled water and then transferred into alcohol solution for the dehydration procedure. Post‐dehydration, the samples were cleared in xylene solution. The tissues after clearing were shifted into soft paraffin and hard paraffin baths. The sections were blocked by embedding in hard paraffin and thin sections of 7 μm were taken from blocked tissues using microtome. H and E staining was performed, samples were dehydrated, and cover slips were placed using DPX mounting medium.
Micro‐computed Tomography (Micro‐CT)
The tissue blocks to observe enamel and dentin were prepared by cutting the roots with a high‐speed handpiece. The anatomical crown portion was retained and a micro‐CT machine (SkyScan 1172, version 1.5; Bruker Micro‐CT, Kontich, Belgium) was used to obtain images of enamel and dentin. The images were obtained by scanning the samples using a voltage source of 100‐KV, source current of 100‐μA, pixel size of 27.45‐μm, and exposure time of 1600 msec. In addition, 360° rotation, filter of Al + Cu and, Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) were used. The raw images were recreated using the NRecon software (Bruker SkyScan, Aartselaar, Belgium). The TIFF images were later converted to Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format using Microsoft Paint® software.
Ground Sections
For each ground section preparation, freshly extracted teeth were collected and fixed in acrylic blocks. The teeth were sectioned using a water‐cooled diamond saw (Isomet® 5000 Linear Precision Saw, Buehler Ltd, IL, USA) longitudinally (for longitudinal sections) and horizontally (for transverse sections) to split the tooth into two parts. Each thick section of tooth was then grinded on carborundum stone with equal digital pressure to make the sections paper thin. The sections were then dehydrated in absolute alcohol for 10 minutes and clearing was then performed in xylene solution for 15 minutes. The section was mounted on to a glass slide using DPX mounting medium. Coverslip was then placed on top of the section carefully to avoid air entrapment.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
To observe dentinal tubules, SEM was performed. Dentin discs of 1.5 mm were first made by cutting the teeth horizontally over cemento‐enamel junction using a precision saw (Isomet® 5000 Linear Precision Saw, Buehler Ltd, IL, USA). The discs were exposed to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for one minute to unblock the dentinal tubules. After washing them with distilled water for one minute and post air drying, these discs were mounted on stubs and sputter coated with gold. The discs were observed in an SEM (FEI, Inspect F50, The Netherlands) to obtain micrographs