Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century. Группа авторов

alt="images"/> and . Assuming the receiver is closely tracking the carrier phase [55], the early and late correlations may be approximated with

      where and are zero‐mean Gaussian random variables with the following variances and covariances:

      Coherent Discriminator Statistics: The coherent baseband discriminator function is defined as

The normalized signal component of the discriminator function is shown in Figure 38.18 for t_eml = {0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2}.

      It can be seen from Figure 38.18 that for small values of , the discriminator function can be approximated by a linear function given by

      where α is the slope of the discriminator function at Δt_k = 0 [57], which is obtained by

      Since R_c(τ) is symmetric,

      and the linearized discriminator output becomes

(38.12)

It is worth noting that R_c(τ) and R_c ′ (τ) are obtained by numerically computing the autocorrelation function of the pulse‐shaped short code. Since the FIR of the pulse shaping filter h[k] is defined over only 48 values of k, the autocorrelation function R_c(τ) will be defined over 95 values of τ. However, interpolation may be used to evaluate R_c(τ) and R_c ′ (τ) at any τ. The mean and variance of D_k can be obtained from Eq. (38.12), and are given by

(38.13)

      (38.14)

      Now that the discriminator statistics are known, the closed‐loop pseudorange error is characterized next.

      38.5.3.2 Closed‐Loop Analysis

In order to achieve the desired loop noise‐equivalent bandwidth, K in Eq. (38.11) must be normalized according to

Figure 38.18 Output of the coherent baseband discriminator function for the CDMA short code with different correlator spacings (Khalife et al. [12]).

      Source: Reproduced with permission of IEEE.

(38.15)

      In cellular CDMA systems, for a t_eml of 1.2, the loop filter gain becomes K ≈ 4B_{n, DLL}; hence, the choice of K in Section 38.5.2.3. Assuming a zero‐mean tracking error, that is, , the variance of the code start time error is given by

      At steady state, var{Δt_{k + 1}} becomes

(38.16)

where Δt is the steady‐state code start time error. Combining Eqs. (38.15)–(38.16) yields

(38.17)

      The pseudorange can hence be expressed as

where v(k) is a zero‐mean random variable with variance σ² = c² · var {Δt}. Figure 38.19 shows a plot of the standard deviation of Δt, denoted by σ, as a function of the carrier‐to‐noise ratio C/N₀ for t_eml = 1.25 chips.

      38.5.4 Cellular CDMA Navigation Experimental Results

      This section presents experimental results for navigation with cellular CDMA signals. These results did not suffer from the BTS sector clock discrepancy issue (discussed in Section 38.7), since signals from only one sector antenna in each BTS cell were used. Experimental results exhibiting the BTS sector clock discrepancy issue and mitigation