Human Metabolism. Keith N. Frayn

This is loc...Figure 5.4.1 Figure 5.6 Outline of amino acid metabolism in the liver. Liver contains the enzymes of gl...Figure 5.7 Appearance of brown and white adipose tissue. Left, white adipose tissue under ...Figure 5.8 Overview of fatty acid and glucose metabolism in white adipose tissue. The body...Figure 5.9 The action of lipoprotein lipase in white adipose tissue. Top panel: Lipoprotei...Figure 5.10 The intracellular pathway of lipolysis in adipocytes. Triacylglycerol (TAG) in ...Figure 5.11 Suppression of fat mobilisation by insulin. Top panel: Insulin restrains fat mo...Figure 5.12 Uncoupling of respiration in brown adipose tissue (and potentially other tissue...Figure 5.13 Human brown adipose tissue depots. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots around the...Figure 5.14 Structural organisation of skeletal muscle. One cell is a muscle fibre. The who...Figure 5.15 The creatine kinase reaction in muscle. The reaction is referred to as the Lohm...Figure 5.16 Fibre-type composition of leg muscles in athletes. Different types of muscle fi...Figure 5.17 ATP generation in skeletal muscle. Only major pathways are shown: each arrow ma...Figure 5.7.1 Figure 5.18 (a) Section of kidney and (b) schematic view of energy metabolism in different ...Figure 5.19 The endothelium, a smooth single-celled lining of blood vessels.Figure 5.20 Generation of nitric oxide (NO) from arginine in endothelial cells leads to rel...Figure 5.21 Amino acid metabolism in enterocytes. In the fed state the enterocytes oxidise ...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The location of endocrine glands involved in energy metabolism. The thymus is s...Figure 6.2 Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The pancreatic tissue has been immunostai...Figure 6.3 Synthesis of insulin. Insulin is first synthesised as one long polypeptide, pre...Figure 6.4 Glucose stimulation of insulin secretion in the pancreatic β-cell. Glucose ente...Figure 6.5 Dose–response curve for the effects of glucose concentration on the secretion o...Figure 6.6 Pituitary hormones and their target organs.Figure 6.7 The anatomy of the thyroid gland.Figure 6.8 Biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones. Thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃) ...Figure 6.9 The anatomy of the adrenal glands.Figure 6.10 Biosynthesis of the catecholamines. Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter, releas...Figure 6.11 Propranolol (a β-adrenergic blocker) inhibits lipolysis in response to exercise...Figure 6.12 The leptin system and regulation of fat stores. Leptin is produced in, and secr...Figure 6.13 The idea of ‘incretins’ (gut-derived hormones that augment insulin secretion). ...Figure 6.14 Basic structure of a nerve cell (neurone).Figure 6.15 The structures of two important neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, and noradrena...Figure 6.1.1 Figure 6.2.1 Figure 6.16 The human brain and its main components.Figure 6.17 The neuromuscular junction.Figure 6.18 Types of neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous systems. ACh, ...Figure 6.19 Plasma glucagon, adrenaline, and noradrenaline concentrations in response to ra...

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Relative constancy of blood glucose concentrations during a typical day, compar...Figure 7.2 An analogy for metabolic regulation. The temperature in a thermostatically cont...Figure 7.3 The pattern of glucose metabolism after an overnight fast. The numbers are appr...Figure 7.4 Concentrations of insulin, glucose, and lactate in blood after an overnight fas...Figure 7.5 Rates of glucose release from liver, from exogenous (dietary) and endogenous (g...Figure 7.6 Increases in liver and skeletal muscle glycogen after a single meal in normal s...Figure 7.7 The pattern of glucose metabolism after a carbohydrate breakfast. The direct pa...Figure 7.8 Plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations after an overnight fast ...Figure 7.9 The pattern of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) metabolism after an overnight f...Figure 7.10 The milky appearance of blood plasma (right) after a fatty meal, compared with ...Figure 7.11 Triacylglycerol concentrations in plasma after a meal. The figure shows concent...Figure 7.12 The pattern of plasma triacylglycerol metabolism after a breakfast containing b...Figure 7.13 Overview of protein and amino acid turnover in the body. We eat (very approxima...Figure 7.14 The typical pattern of amino acid metabolism in different tissues. The diagram ...Figure 7.15 The reactions that synthesise (glutamine synthetase) and break down (glutaminas...Figure 7.16 Major amino acids interconversions in muscle. (Adipose tissue and brain may be ...Figure 7.17 Major pathways for amino acid flow between tissues. The major sites of amino ac...Figure 7.18 The intestinal-renal pathway. Enterocytes consume large amounts of glutamine (s...Figure 7.19 Overall control of protein synthesis and breakdown in muscle (and other tissues...Figure 7.3.1 Source: modified from Frayn, K. N. & Evans, R. D. (in press) Oxford Textbook of...Figure 7.20 The glucose–alanine cycle operates in concert with the Cori (glucose–lactate) c...Figure 7.21 Blood flow through adipose tissue and forearm muscle during a typical day with ...Figure 7.22 Increasing fat storage with successive meals during a typical day with three me...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Concentrations of ATP and of phosphocreatine (PCr) in Type II fibres in human m...Figure 8.4.1 Figure 8.2 Coordinated regulation of glycogenolysis and contraction by Ca²⁺ ions in skelet...Figure 8.5.1 Source: based on Newsholme, E. A., & Leech, A. R. (1983) Biochemistry for the M...Figure 8.4 Relationship between initial glycogen concentration in the quadriceps muscle an...Figure 8.5 Schematic drawing of the distribution of blood flow between various organs and ...Figure 8.6 Plasma concentrations of cortisol (top panel) and growth hormone (bottom panel)...Figure 8.7 Plasma glucose (top panel) and insulin (lower panel) concentrations during aero...Figure 8.8 Coordination of metabolism by the nervous system during endurance exercise. Adr...Figure 8.9 Glycogen concentrations in leg muscle after one-legged exercise (bicycling on a...Figure 8.10 Plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations after a high-fat test meal on two o...Figure 8.11 Offspring and maternal energy requirements in humans. Red circles represent foe...Figure 8.12 Fuel disposition in the developing foetus. The foetus requires all three nutrit...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The phases of starvation, assessed from the point of view of glucose metabolism...Figure 9.2 Liver glycogen concentrations in normal human volunteers, after overnight fast,...Figure 9.3 Rate of urinary nitrogen excretion in five obese subjects during starvation. So...Figure 9.4 Serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T₃) and reverse triiodothyronine (rev...Figure 9.5 Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and ketone bodies (the sum...Figure 9.6 Major fuel flows in prolonged starvation. Protein (especially that in muscle) a...Figure 9.7 Urinary nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur excretion following major trauma. Sour...Figure 9.8 Phases of metabolic change following acute injury, such as trauma. The ‘ebb’ ph...Figure 9.9 Pattern of alteration of net nitrogen excretion and resting energy expenditure ...Figure 9.10 Metabolic response to severe burn injury. Skin as injured tissue is both the or...Figure 9.11 Interconnection of hormonal (both endocrine and cytokine) changes with immune s...Figure 9.12 Changes associated with severe injury-sepsis and critical illness. The vertical...Figure 9.13 The Warburg effect. Normal cells, when provided with adequate oxygen, mostly ox...Figure 9.14 Altered metabolic pathways in cancer cells. Metabolism in tumour cells is direc...Figure 9.15 Cancer cachexia. Characteristic loss of muscle tissue mass, with weakness, but ...Figure 9.16 Effects of cancer growth on host metabolism and the aetiology of cancer cachexi...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 A typical lipoprotein particle.Figure 10.2 The exogenous pathway of lipoprotein metabolism. Apo, apolipoprotein; FA, fatty...Figure 10.3 The endogenous pathway of lipoprotein metabolism. Particles may undergo several...Figure 10.3.1 Figure 10.4 HDL metabolism. Pre-β HDL is apolipoprotein AI (APOAI) associated with some pho...Figure 10.5 Forward and reverse cholesterol transport. Cholesterol is secreted by the liver...Figure 10.6 Relationship between risk of death from cardiovascular disease (coronary heart ...Figure 10.7 Lowering of cardiovascular disease with reduction in serum cholesterol. The dat...Figure 10.6-1 CETP, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (Section 10.2.3.2); TAG, triacylglycer...Figure 10.8 Impaired postprandial triacylglycerol metabolism in patients with coronary hear...

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1.1 Summary of central pathways regulating appetite.Figure 11.1 Relationship between serum leptin concentration and percentage body fat in 179 ...Figure 11.2 Growth of a child with leptin deficiency due to a mutation in the leptin gene. ...Figure 11.3 Antoine Lavoisier measuring the O₂ consumption of his assistant, Séguin. The pi...Figure 11.3.1 Data for the example are reproduced from Garrow, J. S. (1988) Obesity and Relat...Figure 11.4 Components of energy expenditure. A typical 24-hour energy expenditure of 10 00...Figure 11.5 Relationship between body fat content and body weight in a series of 104 women....Figure 11.6 Relationship between metabolic rate and fat-free mass (FFM; a measure of lean b...Figure 11.7 Insulin resistance in obese men. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations are ...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 A sufferer from