nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
|
NEAT
|
non-exercise activity thermogenesis
|
|
NEFA
|
non-esterified fatty acid
|
|
NHS DPP
|
NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme
|
|
NIDDM
|
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
|
|
NPC1L1
|
Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1
|
|
NPR-A
|
natriuretic peptide-A receptor
|
|
NPY
|
neuropeptide Y
|
|
OMM
|
outer mitochondrial membrane
|
|
PAMPs
|
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
|
|
PCSK9
|
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
|
|
PDC
|
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
|
|
PDH
|
pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
|
PDX1
|
pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
|
|
PET
|
positron emission tomography
|
|
PFK
|
phosphofructokinase
|
|
PGC
|
PPAR-γ co-activator
|
|
Pi, PPi
|
inorganic phosphate, pyrophosphate
|
|
PKA
|
protein kinase-A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase)
|
|
PKC
|
protein kinase-C
|
|
PKG
|
protein kinase-G (cGMP-dependent protein kinase)
|
|
POMC
|
pro-opiomelanocortin
|
|
PPAR
|
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
|
|
PPI
|
proton pump inhibitor
|
|
PTHrP
|
parathyroid hormone-related protein
|
|
RAAS
|
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
|
|
RAGE
|
receptor for advanced glycation end-products
|
|
RAS
|
renin-angiotensin system
|
|
REE
|
resting energy expenditure
|
|
RER
|
respiratory exchange ratio
|
|
ROS
|
reactive oxygen species
|
|
RQ
|
respiratory quotient
|
|
RXR
|
retinoid X receptor
|
|
SCN
|
suprachiasmatic nucleus
|
|
SGLT
|
sodium-glucose cotransporter
|
|
SIRS
|
systemic inflammatory response syndrome
|
|
SNP
|
single-nucleotide polymorphism
|
|
SOS
|
Swedish Obesity Study
|
|
SR
|
scavenger receptor
|
|
SREBP (-1c, -2)
|
sterol regulatory element binding protein (1c, 2)
|
|
STAT
|
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
|
|
T3
|
tri-iodothyronine
|
|
T4
|
thyroxine
|
|
TAG or TG
|
triacylglycerol
|
|
TCA (cycle)
|
tricarboxylic acid (cycle)
|
|
TEE
|
total energy expenditure
|
|
TICE
|
trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux
|
|
TNFα
|
tumour necrosis factor-α
|
|
TNFR1, TNFRSF1A
|
TNF receptors
|
|
TR
|
thyroid hormone receptor
|
|
TSH
|
thyroid stimulating hormone
|
|
TTO (loop)
|
transcription translation oscillating loop
|
|
TZD
|
thiazolidinedione
|
|
UCP1,2,3
|
uncoupling protein 1, 2, 3
|
|
UDP-GlcNAc
|
uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine
|
|
UKPDS
|
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
|
|
USF-1
|
upstream stimulatory factor-1
|
|
VCO2
|
rate of CO2 production
|
|
VLDL
|
very-low-density lipoprotein
|
|
V
max
|
maximal velocity of a reaction
|
|
VO2 (max)
|
(maximal) rate of O2 consumption
|
About the companion website
This book is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/frayn
The website includes:
PowerPoint slides of all the figures in the book for downloading
Multiple choice questions
Key learning points
Further reading
CHAPTER 1 The underlying principles of human metabolism
Key learning points
We eat food. We expend energy doing exercise, sleeping, just being. What happens to the food between it entering our mouths and its being used for energy? That’s what metabolism (at least, so far as this book is concerned) is all about.
In order to cover the periods when we are not eating,
