12 Cui, L. and Su, X.-Z. (2010). Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 7: 999–1013.
13 Dhingra, V., Vishweshwar Rao, K., and Lakshmi Narasu, M. (1999). Artemisinin: present status and perspectives. Biochem. Educ. 27: 105–109.
14 Efferth, T. (2007). Willmar Schwabe award 2006: antiplasmodial and antitumor activity of artemisinin – from bench to bedside. Planta Med. 73: 299–309.
15 Efferth, T., Romero, M.R., Wolf, D.G. et al. (2008). The antiviral activities of artemisinin and artesunate. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47: 804–811.
16 El-Sahhar, K.F., Nassar, R.M., and Farag, H.M. (2010). Morphological and anatomical studies of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae). J. Am. Sci. 6: 806–814.
17 Ferreira, J.F.S. and Janick, J. (2002). Production of artemisinin from in vitro cultures of Artemisia annua L. In: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants XII. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 51 (eds. T. Nagata and Y. Ebizuka), 1–12. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
18 Ferreira, J.F.S., Luthria, D.L., Sasaki, T., and Heyerick, A. (2010). Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as antioxidants and their potential synergism with artemisinin against malaria and cancer. Molecules 15: 3135–3170.
19 Fulzele, D.P., Sipahimalani, A.T., and Heble, M.R. (1991). Tissue cultures of Artemisia annua: organogenesis and artemisinin production. Phytother. Res. 5: 149–153.
20 Geldre, E.V., Vergauwe, A., and den Eeckhout, E.V. (1997). State of the art of the production of the antimalarial compound artemisinin in plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 33: 199–209.
21 Gharehmatrossian, S., Popov, Y., Ghorbanli, M., and Safaeian, S. (2014). In vitro culture of Artemisia aucheri boiss on four different tissue culture media for comparative cytotoxic effect sand growth. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 7: 27–31.
22 Gulati, A., Bharel, S., Jain, S.K. et al. (1996). In vitro micropropagation and flowering in Artemisia annua. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 5: 31–35.
23 Han, J., Ye, M., Qiao, X. et al. (2008). Characterization of phenolic compounds in the Chinese herbal drug Artemisia annua by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 47: 516–525.
24 Haynes, R.K. and Vonwiller, S.C. (1994). Cyclic peroxyacetal lactone, lactol and ether compounds. US Patent 5,310,946, filed 27 September 1990 and Publication 10 May 1994.
25 Jaziri, M., Shimomura, K., Yoshimatsu, K. et al. (1995). Establishment of normal and transformed root cultures of Artemisia annua L. for artemisinin production. J. Plant Physiol. 145: 175–177.
26 Jhansi Rani, S., Vasavi, A., Supraja, P., and Usha, R. (2012). Phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and artemisinin contents of Artemisia annua L., during callus growth. Bioscan 7: 477–479.
27 Jones, A.M.P. and Saxena, P.K. (2013). Inhibition of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L.: a novel approach to reduce oxidative browning in plant tissue culture. PLoS One 8: e76802.
28 Juteau, F., Masotti, V., Bessiere, J.M. et al. (2002). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia annua essential oil. Fitoterapia 73: 532–535.
29 Khan, M.M.A.A., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S. et al. (1991). Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua. Plant Sci. 75: 161–165.
30 Kim, Y.J., Weathers, P.J., and Wyslouzil, B.E. (2003). Growth dynamics of Artemisia annua hairy roots in three culture systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 83: 428–443.
31 Lackie, J. (2010). Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32 Laid, M., Hegazy, M.E.F., Ahmed, A.A. et al. (2008). Sesquiterpene lactones from Algerian Artemisia herba-alba. Phytochem. Lett. 1: 85–88.
33 Liu, C.Z., Murch, S.J., El-Demerdash, M., and Saxena, P.K. (2004). Artemisia judaica L.: micropropagation and antioxidant activity. J. Biotechnol. 110: 63–71.
34 Liu, K.C., Yang, S.-L., Roberts, M.F. et al. (1992). Antimalarial activity of Artemisia annua flavonoids from whole plants and cell cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 11: 637–640.
35 Ma, D., Li, G., Zhu, Y., and Xie, D.-Y. (2017). Overexpression and suppression of Artemisia annua 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase 1 gene (AaHDR1) differentially regulate artemisinin and terpenoid biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 8: 77.
36 Mannan, A., Liu, C., Arsenault, P.R. et al. (2010). DMSO triggers the generation of ROS leading to an increase in artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid in Artemisia annua shoot cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 29: 143–145.
37 Mannan, A., Shaheen, N., Arshad, W. et al. (2008). Hairy roots induction and artemisinin analysis in Artemisia dubia and Artemisia indica. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7: 3288–3292.
38 Mishina, Y.V., Krishna, S., Haynes, R.K., and Meade, J.C. (2007). Artemisinins inhibit Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in vitro growth. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 1852–1854.
39 Mohamed, A.E.-H., El-Sayed, M.A., Hegazy, M.E. et al. (2010). Chemical constituents and biological activities of Artemisia herba-alba. Rec. Nat. Prod. 4: 1–25.
40 Mohammad, A., Alam, P., Ahamd, M.M. et al. (2014). Impact of plant growth regulators on callugenesis and artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. plants. Indian J. Biotechnol. 13: 26–33.
41 Nair, M.S.R., Acton, N., Klayman, D.L. et al. (1986). Production of artemisinin in tissue cultures of Artemisia annua. J. Nat. Prod. 49: 504–507.
42 Nin, S., Bennici, A., Roselli, G. et al. (1997). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Artemisia absinthium L. (wormwood) and production of secondary metabolites. Plant Cell Rep. 16: 725–730.
43 Nin, S., Morosi, E., Schiff, S., and Bennici, A. (1996). Callus cultures of Artemisia absinthium L.: initiation, growth optimization and organogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 45: 67–72.
44 Paniego, N.B. and Giulietti, A.M. (1994). Artemisia annua L.: dedifferentiated and differentiated cultures. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 36: 163–168.
45 Rai, K.K., Pandey, N., and Pandey-Rai, S. (2014). Effect of 2,4-D on phenolics production and detection of in vitro culture-induced variation through inter-simple sequence repeat and RAPD analysis in Artemisia annua L. Int. J. Pharma Bio. Sci. 5: 181–193.
46 Ro, D.K., Paradise, E.M., Ouellet, M. et al. (2006). Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast. Nature 440: 940–943.
47 Sallal, A.-K.J. and Alkofahi, A. (1996). Inhibition of the hemolytic activities of snake and scorpion venoms in vitro with plant extracts. Biomed. Lett. 53: 211–215.
48 Schmid, G. and Hofheinz, W. (1983). Total synthesis of qinghaosu. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105: 624–625.
49 Seo, H.-C., Suzuki, M., Ohnishi-Kameyama, M. et al. (2003). Extraction and identification of antioxidant components from Artemisia capillaris herba. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 58: 1–12.
50 Singh, N.P. and Lai, H.C. (2004). Artemisinin induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 24: 2277–2280.
51 Singh, A. and Sarin, R. (2010). Artemisia scoparia – a new source of artemisinin. Bangl. J. Pharmacol. 5: 17–20.
52 Smith, T.C., Weathers, P.J., and Cheetham, R.D. (1997). Effects of gibberellic acid on hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua: growth and artemisinin production. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 33: 75–79.
53 Souret, F.F., Kim, Y., Wyslouzil, B.E. et al. (2003). Scale-up of Artemisia annua L. hairy root cultures produces complex patterns of terpenoid gene expression. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 83: 653–667.
54 Souret, F.F., Weathers, P.J., and Wobbe, K.K. (2002). The mevalonate-independent pathway is expressed in transformed roots of Artemisia annua and regulated by light and culture age. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 38: 581–588.
55 Stach, A., García-Mozo, H., Prieto-Baena, J.C. et al. (2007). Prevalence of Artemisia species pollinosis in western Poland: impact of climate change on aerobiological trends,