Workbook of Medical Devices, Engineering and Technology. Michael Thoms

      7.1 Storage phosphors

      7.1.1 Exercise: Number of generated photostimulable storage centers per X-ray quantum

      7.1.2 Solution

      7.1.3 Exercise: Wavelength of maximum photostimulability

      7.1.4 Solution

      7.1.5 Exercise: Crosstalk of subsequently scanned pixel

      7.1.6 Solution

      7.1.7 Exercise: Probability of F-center electrons to escape to the conduction band

      7.1.8 Solution

      7.1.9 Exercise: Schottky defect pair concentration in NaCl

      7.1.10 Solution

      7.2 CR scanner

      7.2.1 Exercise: Diffraction limited spot size of a CR scanner

      7.2.2 Solution

      7.2.3 Exercise: Maximum scan speed at specific pixel size and crosstalk

      7.2.4 Solution

      7.2.5 Exercise: Rotational speed of a mirror and scan speed of laser beam

      7.2.6 Solution

      7.2.7 Exercise: Bearing play and projected beam positioning

      7.2.8 Solution

      7.2.9 Exercise: Readout time and efficiency of information readout

      7.2.10 Solution

      7.2.11 Exercise: DQE of a CR-system

      7.2.12 Solution

      8. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

      8.1 Tomographic Reconstruction

      8.1.1 Exercise: Number of X-ray projections and number of voxels

      8.1.2 Solution

      8.1.3 Exercise: Point spread function using unfiltered backprojection

      8.1.4 Solution

      8.1.5 Exercise: Ideal filter function in filtered backprojection

      8.1.6 Solution

      8.1.7 Exercise: Transmitted dose signals in real and in Fourier space

      8.1.8 Solution

      8.1.9 Exercise: Grid pattern of Fourier transformed absorption data

      8.1.10 Solution

      8.2 Instrumentation

      8.2.1 Exercise: Acceleration of a rotated X-ray tube

      8.2.2 Solution

      8.2.3 Exercise: Data rate of a CT scanner

      8.2.4 Solution

      8.2.5 Exercise: Decay time of luminescence and crosstalk

      8.2.6 Solution

      8.2.7 Exercise: Number of angular positions of X-ray exposures and number of pixel elements in a sectional image

      8.2.8 Solution

      8.2.9 Exercise: Acquisition time of a tomogram and pixel rate of a CT scanner

      8.2.10 Solution

      8.2.11 Exercise: CT number of adipose tissue

      8.2.12 Solution

      8.2.13 Exercise: CT numbers of cortical bone

      8.2.14 Solution

      8.2.15 Exercise: CT numbers in dual Energy CT

      8.2.16 Solution

      8.2.17 Exercise: CT artefacts of a metal sphere

      8.2.18 Solution

      8.2.19 Exercise: Number of photons and electrons per absorbed X-ray

      8.2.20 Solution

      8.2.21 Exercise: Photodiode current in a detector element of a CT scanner

      8.2.22 Solution

      8.3 X-ray Dose

      8.3.1 Exercise: Error of measured absorption coefficients and X-ray dose

      8.3.2 Solution

      9. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

      9.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance

      9.1.1 Exercise: Energy levels of hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field

      9.1.2 Solution

      9.1.3 Exercise: Frequency of a nuclear spin flip in a magnetic field

      9.1.4 Solution

      9.1.5 Exercise: Relative occupation difference of energy levels in a magnetic field

      9.1.6 Solution

      9.1.7 Exercise: Required field direction to induce spin flips

      9.1.8 Solution

      9.1.9 Exercise: Nuclear spin quantum numbers in the ground state

      9.1.10 Solution

      9.1.11 Exercise: Number of energy levels of nuclei in a magnetic field

      9.1.12 Solution

      9.1.13 Exercise: Influence of the electron shell on nuclear energy levels

      9.1.14 Solution

      9.1.15 Exercise: Types of nuclear spin relaxations and relaxation times

      9.1.16 Solution

      9.1.17 Exercise: Mechanism of contrast agents in NMR

      9.1.18 Solution

      9.1.19 Exercise: Decay of the transversal magnetizations after a pulse sequence

      9.1.20 Solution

      9.1.21 Exercise: Transversal magnetizations after different pulse sequences

      9.1.22 Solution

      9.1.23 Exercise: Time interval between 180° and 90° pulses to get transversal magnetization down to zero

      9.1.24 Solution

      9.1.25 Exercise: Spin echo signals of different tissues at a specific pulse sequence

      9.1.26 Solution

      9.1.27 Exercise: TR and TE values in proton density weighted MRI

      9.1.28 Solution

      9.2 Magnetic resonance imaging instrumentation

      9.2.1 Exercise: Number of gradient coils in an MRI scanner

      9.2.2 Solution

      9.2.3 Exercise: Magnetic flux of MRI scanners using normally conducting electro magnets

      9.2.4 Solution

      9.2.5 Exercise: Waveform of the high frequency pulse to excite spins in a plane

      9.2.6 Solution

      9.3 Image reconstruction

      9.3.1 Exercise: Relation between spin signals in real and Fourier space

      9.3.2 Solution

      9.3.3 Exercise: Location of the Fourier transforms of nuclear resonance signals in Fourier space

      9.3.4 Solution

      10. NUCLEAR MEDICAL IMAGING

      10.1 Radionuclides

      10.1.1 Exercise: Half-life and decrease of activity

      10.1.2 Solution

      10.1.3 Exercise: Amount of decays within a time period after incorporation of the radionuclide

      10.1.4 Solution

      10.2 Instrumentation

      10.2.1 Exercise: Radius of field of a circular collimator

      10.2.2 Solution

      10.2.3 Exercise: Efficiencies of circular collimators

      10.2.4