Workbook of Medical Devices, Engineering and Technology. Michael Thoms

a specific number of X-ray quanta

      1.5.18 Solution

      1.5.19 Exercise: Probability to absorb a specific number of X-ray quanta for given number of irradiated quanta

      1.5.20 Solution

      1.5.21 Exercise: Standard deviation of the number of absorbed X-ray quanta

      1.5.22 Solution

      2. ULTRASOUND

      2.1 Ultrasound Waves

      2.1.1 Exercise: Wavelength of sinusoidal ultrasound waves

      2.1.2 Solution

      2.1.3 Exercise: Reflected intensity at an interface

      2.1.4 Solution

      2.1.5 Exercise: Reflected intensity at an interface of muscle and bone

      2.1.6 Solution

      2.1.7 Exercise: Change of direction of a sound wave traversing an interface

      2.1.8 Solution

      2.1.9 Exercise: Transversal deflection of an ultrasound beam

      2.1.10 Solution

      2.1.11 Exercise: Displayed size of tissues in ultrasound images

      2.1.12 Solution

      2.1.13 Exercise: Frequency shift in Doppler mode

      2.1.14 Solution

      2.2 Ultrasound scanners

      2.2.1 Exercise: Beam focusing by delaying elements in a linear array

      2.2.2 Solution

      2.2.3 Exercise: Best size of focus

      2.2.4 Solution

      2.2.5 Exercise: Depth of focus

      2.2.6 Solution

      2.2.7 Exercise: Longitudinal resolution of an ultrasound pulse

      2.2.8 Solution

      3. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (ECG)

      3.1 Dipole fields

      3.1.1 Exercise: Potential of an electric dipole along the dipole axis

      3.1.2 Solution

      3.1.3 Exercise: Potential of an electric dipole in the symmetry plane

      3.1.4 Solution

      3.1.5 Exercise: Component of the electric dipole vector

      3.1.6 Solution

      3.2 ECG instrumentation

      3.2.1 Exercise: Heart rate in an ECG paper print

      3.2.2 Solution

      3.2.3 Exercise: Angle of the heart electrical axis

      3.2.4 Solution

      3.2.5 Exercise: Equation to calculate Uiii from Ui and Uii

      3.2.6 Solution

      3.2.7 Exercise: Angle of the heart electrical axis for given Ui and Uii

      3.2.8 Solution

      3.2.9 Exercise: The signal lead augmented vector foot aVf

      3.2.10 Solution

      3.2.11 Exercise: Voltage ratios of Einthoven and Goldberger signal leads

      3.2.12 Solution

      3.2.13 Exercise: Precordial leads according to Wilson

      3.2.14 Solution

      4. LASER

      4.1 Interaction of laser light with matter

      4.1.1 Exercise: Energy density and time range of laser radiation to coagulate soft tissue

      4.1.2 Solution

      4.1.3 Exercise: Energy density and time range of laser radiation to vaporize soft tissue

      4.1.4 Solution

      4.1.5 Exercise: Energy density and time range of laser radiation to photoablate soft tissue

      4.1.6 Solution

      4.1.7 Exercise: Energy density and time range of laser radiation to photodisrupt soft tissue

      4.1.8 Solution

      4.1.9 Exercise: Power density of a laser diode

      4.1.10 Solution

      4.1.11 Exercise: Energy density and beam diameter of a pulsed laser

      4.1.12 Solution

      4.1.13 Exercise: Ablation depth of a laser pulse

      4.1.14 Solution

      4.1.15 Exercise: Ablation depth versus energy density of laser pulses

      4.1.16 Solution

      4.1.17 Exercise: Beam diameter and depth of focus of a focused laser

      4.1.18 Solution

      4.1.19 Exercise: Irradiation time in photodynamic therapy

      4.1.20 Solution

      4.1.21 Exercise: Therapeutic window

      4.1.22 Solution

      5. PULSE OXYMETRY

      5.1 Interaction of light with blood

      5.1.1 Exercise: Optical density of blood

      5.1.2 Solution

      5.1.3 Exercise: Isobestic point of light absorption in blood

      5.1.4 Solution

      5.1.5 Exercise: Maximum difference of light absorption in hemoglobin

      5.1.6 Solution

      5.1.7 Exercise: Optical densities of oxy- and deoxygenated hemoglobin

      5.1.8 Solution

      5.2 Analysis of oxygen saturation

      5.2.1 Exercise: Variation of the optical path length

      5.2.2 Solution

      5.2.3 Exercise: Ratio of optical density differences during a heartbeat

      5.2.4 Solution

      5.2.5 Exercise: Ratio of optical density differences at specific oxygen saturation

      5.2.6 Solution

      6. HIGH-FREQUENCY SURGERY

      6.1.1 Exercise: Current densities around a spherical electrode

      6.1.2 Solution

      6.1.3 Exercise: Electrical potentials around a spherical electrode

      6.1.4 Solution

      6.1.5 Exercise: Current between a spherical and a large neutral electrode

      6.1.6 Solution

      6.1.7 Exercise: Current between a spherical and a large neutral electrode for a given set of parameter values

      6.1.8 Solution

      6.1.9 Exercise: Power density caused by current flow

      6.1.10 Solution

      6.1.11 Exercise: Supplied heat energy and rise of temperature

      6.1.12 Solution

      6.1.13 Exercise: Ratio of peak and average power

      6.1.14 Solution

      6.1.15 Exercise: Dissipated power versus specific resistance

      6.1.16 Solution

      6.1.17 Exercise: Dissipated power at different orientations of tissues

      6.1.18 Solution

      6.1.19 Exercise: Dissipated power at different orientations of tissues with specific resistances

      6.1.20 Solution

      7. COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR)