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1. Основное содержание главы изложено в статье: Хазан 2006: 55–77.
2. Письмо Грузенберга Найдичу от 2/15 января 1920 г. // Грузенберг 1991: 82.
3. В отзыве-рекомендации на Рутенберга, которую, по всей видимости, Беркенгейм попросил у Н. Авксентьева, последний, не следуя в точности, особенно в гапоновской части, действительному содержанию биографических событий, однако все же не нарушая их общего характера, писал (копия, RA):
1, rue Jacques Offenbach
Paris
My dear Berkenheim,
You are asking me how long I have known Mr Rutenberg and what is my opinion of him.
My acquaintance with Mr Rutenberg dates from 1905, but I have heard a good deal about him before. He is a straightforward man, profoundly sincere, idealistic and yet able to serve his ideal by deeds. He is a man whose word never diverged from his action. He is a man of great and stubborn will power. This is the reason why he always and invariably enjoyed great influence and esteem in those circles of the best Russian democratic and liberal intelligentsia in which he moved. Mr Rutenberg played a great part as organizer in the labour movement which followed the flag of Father Gapon. He was the inspirer, intimate adviser and guide of Gapon. You can imagine how shocked he was when he learned that the man with whom he worked for the cause of Russia and the workers was a police agent and a provocateur. You can imagine how he suffered morality thinking that he
himself has unwittingly been assisting the disgusting police machinations of Gapon. Gapon on his return from abroad resumes, under the mask of revolutionary his activity among the workers and would again ruin hundreds of them as he did on January 9. Mr Rutenberg decided to forestall this danger by proving to the workers beyond any doubt who Gapon really was. Mr Rutenbergs conversation with Gapon, heard in the next room by a few of the more influential workers, who trusted Gapon implicitly, at the traitor, stained by the blood of their comrades the workers could not hold themselves back. They rushed into the room and killed Gapon. The incident has deeply shaken Mr Rutenberg as he himself relates in his memories.
Mr Rutenberg was destined to play a great part in the March revolution of 1917, as a close collaborator in the Provisional Government. I shall only mention the last few days of the life of that Government. Mr Rutenberg was then appointed Assistant Governor General of Petrograd and Petrograd district. Resolute and direct as ever, a man of iron will, loyal to the end to the ideals of democratic Russia, he insisted on decisive and ruthless struggle against Bolshevism which was decomposing Russia. In the fateful days of the Bolshevik rising of October 1917, he was one of the organizers of the defense of the Winter Palace with the Provisional Government against the Bolsheviks.
He was arrested together with the other members of the Provisional Government and when in prison was the most hated of all the prisoners. When, therefore, all the members of the Provisional Government were released Mr Rutenberg was still kept in prison. For a long time we feared that he would not be let out alive. In prison he continued to hold himself with perfect tranquility, dignity and complete disdain of danger.
He later took an important and again an active part in the democratic struggle in the South against the Bolshevik dictatorship.
Now, as I understand, he has thrown his lot in with all the idealism and stubbornness characteristic of him, with the cause of his fellow Jews in Palestine, and has in this sphere as before, in the sphere of the Russian intelligentsia succeeded in gaining respect and high estimation.
There are briefly the facts and my impression of Mr Rutenberg.
Very sincerely yours,
N. Avksentieff
Перевод:
Дорогой мой Беркенгейм,
Вы спрашивали у меня, как долго я знаю г-на Рутенберга и каково мое мнение о нем.
Я знаком с г-ном Рутенбергом с 1905 года, но и до этого слышал о его славных делах. Это честный, глубоко искренний человек, идеалист, готовый доказать практически верность своим идеалам. Он принадлежит к людям, у которых слово не расходится с делом. Он обладает колоссальной непреклонной волей. По этой причине он неизменно пользовался в России огромным влиянием и уважением у передовой либерально-демократической интеллигенции, в среде которой вращался. Г-н Рутенберг сыграл важную роль как организатор шествия рабочих, которое возглавил о. Гапон. Он был вдохновитель, ближайший советчик и проводник Гапона. Можете вообразить, как был он потрясен, узнав, что человек, с которым он сотрудничал во благо России и рабочего люда, – полицейский агент и провокатор. Можете вообразить, как он морально страдал, сознавая, что невольно превратился в помощника грязных полицейских махинаций Гапона. По возвращении из-за границы Гапон, под маской революционера, возобновил свою деятельность среди рабочих и вновь погубил