During Genghis-khan's lifetime the lands alloted to his sons, were for them only served as source of income for them, but nevertheless they remained themselves subordinated to the head of the empire. After his death the situation had changed. Extensiveness of the Mongolian power, remoteness of a residence of uluses from theball-empire the centre on Orkhon conducted possessors to that the local authorities became the valid power only.
The dynasties began introducing an appanage appanage system, transition to the real power in uluses to the descendants of Genghis Khan's sons raised aspiration among the Genghizid uluses to make their dynasty completely independent, and their uluses Independent possession.
Control questions:
1. What do you know about the origin of the Kidans?
2. Why were strain relations between gurkhans and their vassals in the Ili valley in the middle of the twelfth centuries?
3. Give arguments in favor of the presence on Naimans signs of statehood
4. How did the Turkic traditions influence on the forms of the Mongolian statehood?
5. Compare the characteristics of Genghis Khan according to Raþîd ad-Dîn and Cuvaynî, Juzjani and Abulgazy.
3.2 Kazakhstan in the structure of the ulus Juji and Golden Horde (the XIII – the first half of the XV centuries)
The formation of the Golden Horde in the Juji Ulus
Until his death in August 1227 Genghis Khan managed to lay the foundation for a new territorial enormous empire, which amounted to earth people, not only lived in the vicinity of Mongolia, and China, Central Asia and the steppes to the west of the Irtysh. Death of Genghis Khan did not change the policy of his successors. They made every effort to fulfill the will of the founder dynasty – to capture new lands.
History of the Golden Horde is directly related to Ulus of the eldest son of Genghis Khan – Juji, which was located in the steppes to the north of Lake Balkhash and the Aral Sea, from the Irtysh to the Yaik. Juji died even before his father Genghis, so the bequeathal passed (in left and right wings) to Juji's sons Orda and Batu. Successor, of Juji who died six months before Genghis Khan, became his son Batu. The circumstances of his accession to the throne were described by Utemish Haji.
According to the decision of the Mongolian kurultai in 1229 Batu was instructed to gain the land located in the West, in the form of compensation for the eastern part of the Ulus, assigned Ugadei (some land to the east of the Irtysh River). But in this campaign the Mongols managed only to reach Yaik. At the Congress of 1235, where the second time the question of the conquest of western land (located in the west of the Ural and Volga rivers) were discussed. Thus, in 1236-1242 took place the western campaign of Mongols. As a result of the campaign the Mongols conquered territory to the west of the Volga River and reached the river Danube. The Mongols destroyed the state Volga Bulgaria in the Middle Volga, Poland, Lithuania, and Czech.
After the campaigne Batu returned to the Volga steppes, where the average over the Volga River had begun building a headquarters – Saray-Batu. That was the beginning of a new Mongolian state – the Golden Horde. It was established on the basis of Ulus Juji and a conquered lands to the west (to the river Danube). Until 1269 the Golden Horde was a member of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire included: Ulus Juji – The Golden Horde, Chagatai Ulus – Chagataid's State, Ulus of Ugedei, and Ulus of Tulyi.
We can choose the following periods in the history of the Golden Horde:
1. 1242-1266. – Period of construction of the State (during the reign of khans Batu1242-1255; Berke 1255-1266).
2. 1266-1312 – the first political crisis in the Golden Horde
3. 1312-1359 – the period of rise of the Golden Horde
4. 1359-1379 – a great sedition in the Golden Horde
5. 1380-1395 – an attempt to restore the unity of the Golden Horde.
6. The first half of the XV century. – The process of disintegration of the Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde was a one of the greaControl states of the middle Ages. Thus, the descendants of Juji ruled a vast territory, covering nearly half of Asia and Europe – from the Irtysh River to the Danube River from the shores of the Black and Caspian Sea to China. The population of the Golden Horde was varied. But the bulk of the population of Golden Horde was Kipchaks living in the steppes till the arrival of the Mongols. Already in XIV century Mongols began to dissolve in Kipchak environment, forgetting their own culture, language, and writing. This was facilitated and occurred at the beginning of XIV century changing religion.
Before considering the formation of the Golden Horde let's clarify the following points:
1. How the Mongols called their state?
2. How did thier neighbors call the State?
According to Mongolian tradition, the head of each of the Mongol states considered the allocation of his or conquered territory as a generic domain, each entering the throne Saray Khans called his state simply "heartland", ie people, given an inheritance to possess it. As for the name the Jujids' state from European and Asian powers, there prevailed a complete lack of coordination. In the Arabic chronicles, it most often named after the Khan ruling at a certain moment, with their respective ethnic clarification: "Berke, the great king of the Tatar", "Tokhto, the king of the Tatar", "Uzbek, the owner of the Nordic countries", "king of Tokhto, the owner of the barn and land Kipchak, "King Desht-i-KipchakTokhto. Sometimes Arabic and Persian authors called the Golden Horde ulus Juchi ulus Batu ulus Berke ulus Uzbeks. European travelers P. Carpini and B. Rubruk use the old term "country of addicts", "ASEA", "The Power of the Tatars. In a letter to Pope Benedict XII Juji's State was called Northern Tartary. In Russian chronicles first identified these State by an ethnic term. Princes riding in the "Tatars of Batu" and return"Tatars. Only in the last decade in the XIII, appeared and firmly adopted a new and unique name "Horde", which lasted until the collapse of the Juji's State.
And among the most striking aspects of the Russian treatment of Juji's ulus has been the designation of its inhabitants as "Tatars." Were the Mongols to be Tatars? What lies behind this term?
First it is necessary to clarify the origins of the name "Mongol," about which opinions differ. According to Chinese annals, this was the name of Genghis Khan's tribe. But Isaac J. Schmidt, a nineteenth-century Moravian missionary, who learned the Mongol language, argued that as Genghis Khan brought together different tribes, he had adopted the term Mongol to impart a sense of unity. Schmidt added that the etymology of Mongol signified "brave, fearless, excellent," a prideful appellation.
A subsequent researcher, accepting Schmidt's supposition, has slightly modified his reading of "Mongol" to mean the "secure backbone" of Genghis Khan's power (i.e. his soldiers or people). Such a reading, which seems plausible, betrays nineteenth- and twentieth-century notions of how "states" are held together – i.e., as a "nation." The "Mongols" were everywhere far outnumbered by their subjects (one researcher estimated the thirteenth-century "Mongol" population at 700,000 – at a time when Mongol controlled China had at least 75 million people
Rather than a nation the Mongols were a ruling caste in the broader ulus. The Genghisid principle was the "unifier," not nationhood. Flowing out from the Genghisid principle was the military organization of society, or, to put it another way, the convertibility of civilian into military existence. That in its turn was founded on a way of life, nomadism.
The category of "Mongol" is further troubled by the evident assimilation of Mongol speakers. According to one scholar, Batu commanded 370,000 people, of who maybe one-third were "Mongols." Another scholar acknowledges, however, that the number of Mongols proper remains a mystery. Indeed, the Great Russian orientalist Vasilii Bartol'd emphasized that the majority of Mongol speakers probably returned to the traditional lands of Mongolia (for example, once Batu's European campaign was halted in the 1240th). In addition, Bartol'd concluded, "those Mongols who stayed behind in the conquered countries quickly lost their nationality," as the language of the "empire" underwent Turkification