The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to the Present time. Volume I. Zhanat Kundakbayeva

classification. Eastern Turk khaganate monuments to which belong the largest part of inscriptions on Northern Mongolia (the Orkhon monuments) and perhaps, monuments of Altai, can be defined as proper and Fergana Turk monuments or to be precise, as monuments of the Turk tribal Union. All the dated inscriptions go to the VIII century, but it is not excluded, that some small inscriptions can be dated with the VII c. The Kyrghyz state monuments are represented with inscriptions from the Yenisei valley and the Sudzhinsk stela dated with the VII-XII c. The Kurykan tribal union monuments (VIII-X cc. include the Lena-Baikal region group of inscriptions). The Western Turk khaganate monuments include both the Semirechye and Fergana inscriptions. Through the upper date of this monuments is defined rather clearly (VIII c.), but their lower chronological border is less clear. The most probable date can be VI-VII cc. The Uighurs khaganate monuments in Mongolia, to which belong the Selenga stone and Karabalgasun inscription are dated with the second half of the VIII-the beginning of the IX c. The Uighurs State monuments in Eastern Turkestan dated with the IX-X cc. include both texts on paper and also four wall inscriptions from Turfan. The Pechenegs tribal Union monuments are spread on comparatively vast territory. To which belong the Eastern European rune, a wooden stick from Semirechye and perhaps, Northern Caucasia runes-shaped inscriptions. Genre belonging of monuments is very diverse and allows to make out not less than six groups of inscriptions: a) historical-bibliographical stone letters-both memorial and also in their lifetime praises of deads of the most eminent representatives of the Turkic, Uighur and Kyrghyz nobility, frst of all members of the Khagan clan or persons close to them, made up by their closest relatives or by them themselves. Such kind of inscriptions, to which belong the Khoshoo Tsaidam Stelae, the Tonyukuk monument, the Ongin inscription, monuments erected in honour of Kuli-chur, the Selenga stone, the Karabalgasun and Sudzhinsk stelae, combine descriptions of historical events, in which to some extent the hero of the inscription or his ancestors participated, with rendering social or political views of the author of the text, of a kind of declarations, program and to some extent, agitation meaning of which is obvious. Epitaph lyrics of the of Yenisei and Semirechye texts – gravestone inscriptions, described by the S. Malov as "cemetery poetry" of the Ancient Turk epoch. These as a rule, short inscriptions written on the certain standards and contain mentions of the hero’s name and title, his age, several the most important events of his life (without description of the environment, these events were connected with and vital good things, that deceased "had not enjoyed"). Memorable inscriptions on rocks, stones and structures marking some vent in their authors’s life (ten inscriptions of Hoito-Temir, the Kentei inscription, the Charysh inscription, the inscription Tonyukuk mausoleum). Sometimes inscriptions of such kind contain only several words, telling about the object or mentioning the author’s relation to it. Magic and religious texts (on a paper) from Eastern Turkestan, to which belong the Eastern Turkestan runes on paper – "The book of fortunetelling" – the treatise about magic properties of stones, fragments of the treatise of Manichaean content. Legal documents on paper from Dunhuan and Turfan were defined as separate group. And the last group of this classification is marks on household objects- inscriptions on metal vessels and mirrows, ceramics, coins. Such a kind of marks usually contain the owner or master’s name, good wishes or data connected with functional purpose of the object (directions on capacity of the vessel or the coin rate). It is doubtful whether ancient Turkic script was used somewhere after XII c. In Central Asia it was supplanted at first with the Uighur and then Arabic script, spreading among those Turkic peoples, who adopted Islam.

      Control questions:

      1. Prove the following statement: Turkic script rendered rather well phonetic peculiarities of the Turkic language.

      2. Who, where and when discovered Turkic inscriptions?

      3. What classifications of Turkic inscriptions are there in present science?

      4. Show the essence of the genre belonging of Turkic inscriptions.

      5. What was the history of the Turkic script deciphering?

      Task for independent study:

      Write 500 words essay on the topic: "The significance of the Ancient Turkic culture in the World history".

      Control questions for part II:

      1. Describe the traditional religious beliefs and practices of ancient Turks

      2. Define the main steps of the Old Turkic script decoder.

      3. Describe the Epigraphic memorials of the Turks.

      4. Delineate the differences among the seven groups the Orhono-Yenisei inscriptions: Baikal, Yenisei, Mongolian, Altai, Eastern Turkistan, Central Asian, and Eastern European.

      5. Prove the following statement: Ancient Turks were widely included in international relations of that time (with the Hephthalite Empire, Sasanian Iran and the Byzantium Empire).

      6. Define the main stages of the First Türkic Empire political history (553–682).

      7. Which territory did the First Turkic Empire occupy during the Muhan khagan (553-572) reign?

      8. What were the political consequences of the Battle of Talas (751) for the Qarluq tribes’ further development

      9. How was the Eurasia Steppe zone territory called in Muslim Sources in the X-XI c. Provide some explanations

      10. Make a chronological table of Turkic States on the territory of Kazakhstan after the Western Turk khaganate dissolution at the end of VII c.

      Seminar tasks:

      1. Political history of the First Turk khaganate in the VI- VII centuries

      2. Students presentation on the topic: Ancient Turks Cultural significance in the world history

      3. Students group project on the topic: How were Ancient Turks involved in international relations of that time?

      4. Discussion on the reading Denis Sinor. The establishment and dissolution of the Turk empire // The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia / Edited by DENIS SINOR Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Uralic and Altaic Studies Indiana University. P.285-313 Available on: https://www.google.kz/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=the%20cambridge%20history%20of%20early%20inner%20asia%20pdf

      IIІ Part

      KAZAKHSTAN IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE MONGOLIAN STATES (XIII-XV CC.) AND POST-MONGOLIAN STATE UNIONS (XIV-XV CC.)

      3.1 Central Asia before the Mongolian invasion

      According to numerous writing sources in the XII-the beginning of the XIII-centuries the a territory of modern Kazakhstan was occupied by a lot of state unions of Turkic speaking tribes-of the Kipchak, Kangly (Khanglis), Qarluqss, Naimans. And also there were two empires on the territory of Central Asia – the Kara Khitai Empire and The Khwarezmid Empire.

      The main part of the territory of present Kazakhstan was a part of possessions of the Kipchaks. Beginning with the end of the XIth century Kazakhstan's Steppe from the Irtysh River to the Volga was inhabited by the Kipchaks. The historical role of the Kipchaks, peculiarities of their political structure and socio-economic development and also on the international arena has been studied earlier. That's why not paying attention on these questions, we will consider the political map of other regions of present Kazakhstan before the Mongols' invasion.

      As you know the territory of present South-Eastern, Southern Kazakhstan and territories of Maverannahr entered the structure of the Kara Khitais possessions. The borders of this Empire were not constant, they often changed. After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907 AD the Chinese ruling class retreated from south and control of Northern China fell into hands of non-Chinese people. In 916 the Khitais – a semi-nomadic tribe from southern Mongolia, conquered Northern China and established the Liao Dynasty of northern China. In the early XIIth century the Khitais were overthrown by the Jurchids, who replaced the Liao Dynasty with the Jin Dynasty. Some time in the mid of the XIIth century the Tanghuts, a Tibetan people, established the Xi Xia Empire in western China. Meanwhile the Chinese rulers established the Song Dynasty in the south of the Yellow River (Huang He) in 906. Thus, during the rise of the Genghis Khan China was divided into three states.

      After the Khitais