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seq., ed. Hudson.

250

See the work of Heeren, Ideen über die Politik, den Verkehr, und den Handel der vornehmsten Völker der alten Welt, Part I., Vol. II., secs. v. and vi., p. 163 et seq., 188 et seq. 3rd edit.

251

Athenæus informs us that Polemon had composed an entire treatise on the mantles of the divinities of Carthage. (XII. lviii. 541.)

252

Herodotus, VII. 145. – Polybius, I. 67. – Titus Livius, XXVIII. 41.

253

Reckoning, after Titus Livius, her troops at the time of the second Punic War, we find a force of 291,000 foot and 9,500 horse. (Titus Livius, Books XXI. to XXIX.)

254

Carthage, under certain circumstances, could make daily a hundred and forty shields, three hundred swords, five hundred lances, and a thousand darts for catapults. (Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.)

255

Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.

256

In 513, 3,200 Euboic talents (18,627,200 francs [£745,088]); in 516, 1,200 talents (6,985,200 francs [£279,408]); in 552, 10,000 talents (58,210,000 francs [£2,328,400]). Scipio, the first Africanus, brought, besides this, 123,000 pounds weight of gold from this town. (Polybius, I. 62, 63, 88; XV. 18. – Titus Livius, XXX. 37, 45.)

257

Aristotle, Politics, VII. iii. § 5. – Polybius, I. 72.

258

Diodorus Siculus, XX. 17.

259

Pliny, Natural History, V. iii. 24.

260

Scylax of Caryanda, Periplus, p. 49. edit. Hudson.

261

Polybius, XII. 3.

262

Titus Livius, XXXIV. 62.

263

58,200 francs (£2,328). (Titus Livius, XXII. 31.)

264

Sallust, Jugurtha, xix.

265

Pliny, citing this fact, throws doubt upon it. (Natural History, V. i. 8.) – See the Periplus of Hanno, in the collection of the minor Greek geographers.

266

Strabo, III. v. § 3.

267

Strabo, III. ii. § 1.

268

Pliny, Natural History, III. iii. 30. – Strabo, III. ii. § 8.

269

Strabo, III. ii. § 3. – Pliny, III. i. 3; XXXIII. vii. 40.

270

Above 25,000 francs [£1,000]. (Strabo, III. ii. § 10.)

271

767,695 pounds of silver and 10,918 pounds of gold, without reckoning what was furnished by certain partial impositions, sometimes very heavy, such as those of Marcolica, one million of sestertii (230,000 francs [£9,200]), and of Certima, 2,400,000 sestertii (550,000 francs [£22,000]). (See Books XXVIII. to XLVI. of Titus Livius.) Such were the resources of Spain, even in the smallest localities, that in 602, C. Marcellus imposed on a little town of the Celtiberians (Ocilis) a contribution of thirty talents of silver (about 174,600 francs [£6,984]); and this contribution was regarded by the neighbouring cities as most moderate. (Appian, Wars of Spain, VI. xlviii. 158, ed. Schweighæuser.) Posidonius, cited by Strabo (III. iv., p. 135), relates that M. Marcellus extorted from the Celtiberians a tribute of six hundred talents (about 3,492,600 francs [£139,704]).

272

A fabulous people, spoken of by Homer. (Athenæus, I. xxviii. 60, edit. Schweighæuser.)

273

Diodorus Siculus, V. 34, 35.

274

Pliny, Natural History, XIX. i. 10.

275

In the time of Hannibal, this town was one of the richest in the peninsula. (Appian, Wars of Spain, xii. 113.)

276

Strabo, III. iv. § 2.

277

Polybius, XXXIV., Fragm., 8.

278

The medimnus of barley (52 litres) sold for one drachma (97 centimes); the medimnus of wheat, 9 oboli (about 1 franc 45 centimes). (The medium value of 52 litres in France is 10 francs.) A metretes of wine (39 litres) was worth one drachma (97 centimes); a hare, one obolus (16 centimes); a goat, one obolus (16 centimes); a lamb, from 3 to 4 oboli (50 to 60 centimes); a pig of a hundred pounds weight, 5 drachmas (4 francs 85 centimes); a sheep, 2 drachmas (1 franc 95 centimes); an ox for drawing, 10 drachmas (9 francs 70 centimes); a calf, 5 drachmas (4 francs 85 centimes); a talent (26 kilogrammes) of figs, 3 oboli (45 centimes).

279

Strabo, III. ii. § 1.

280

Appian, Wars of Spain, i. 102. – Pompey, in the trophies which he raised to himself on the coast of Catalonia, affirmed that he had received the submission of eight hundred and seventy-seven oppida. (Pliny, Natural History, III. iii. 18.) – Pliny reckoned two hundred and ninety-three in Hispania Citerior, and a hundred and seventy-nine in Bætica. (Natural History, III. iii. 18.) – We may, moreover, form an idea of the number of inhabitants by the amount of troops raised to resist the Scipios. In adding together the numbers furnished by the historians, we arrive at the fearful total of 317,700 men killed or made prisoners. (Titus Livius, XXX. et. seq.) – In 548, we see two nations of Spain, the Ilergetes and the Ausetani, joined with some other petty tribes, put on foot an army of 30,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. (Titus Livius, XXIX. 1.) – We remark fifteen to twenty others whose forces are equal or superior. After the battle of Zama, Spain furnished Hasdrubal with 50,000 footmen and 4,500 horsemen. (Titus Livius, XXVIII. 12, 13.) – Cato has no sooner appeared with his fleet before Emporiæ, than an army of 40,000 Spaniards, who could only have been collected in the surrounding country, is ready prepared to resist him. (Appian, Wars of Spain, 40, p. 147.) – In Lusitania itself, a country of which the population was much less, we see Servius Galba and Lucullus killing 12,500 men. (Appian, Wars of Spain, 58, 59, p. 170 et. seq.) – Although laid waste and depopulated by these two generals, the country, at the end of a few years, furnished again to Viriathus considerable forces.

281

Titus Livius, XXII. 20.

282

Strabo, IV. i. § 11; ii. § 14; iii. § 3.

283

See what M. Amedée Thierry says, Hist. des Gaul., II. 134 et seq. 3d edit.

284

Pliny, XXI. 31.

285

Diodorus Siculus, V. 26. – Athenæus, IV. xxxvi. 94.

286

Demosthenes, Thirty-second Oration against Zenothemis, 980, edit. Bekker.

287

Strabo, IV. vi. § 2, 3.

288

Diodorus Siculus, V. xxxix.

289

See Titus Livius, XXXII. to XLII.

290

See Strabo, V. i. § 10, 11.

291

Strabo, V. i. § 12.

292

Gold was originally very abundant in Gaul; but the mines whence it was extracted, and the rivers which carried it, must have been soon exhausted, for the quality of the Gaulish gold coins becomes more and more abased as the date of their fabrication approaches that of the Roman conquest.

293

Strabo, V. i. § 7. – Titus Livius, X. 2.

294

Pliny, Natural History, III. xvi. 119. – Martial, Epigr., IV. xxv. —Antonine Itinerary, 126.

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